Modern Witchcraft Essay Example For Students

Present day Witchcraft Essay In Part One of this arrangement we quickly analyzed present day and contemporary black magic, talking about a portion of the significant convictions of this syncretistic development. The current article will additionally elucidate black magic, and furthermore evaluate it from a scriptural, powerful, epistemological, and moral premise. It is basic to remember that this development includes a wide scope of practices and convictions. Thusly a portion of the scrutinizes introduced in this article may require some adjustment or change so as to be appropriate to specific varieties of conviction inside the more extensive arrangement of black magic and neopaganism. In any case, the assemblage of studies introduced here apply generously to most witches and neopagans. Mysterious ManipulationMany witches don't have confidence in spirits, and most if not all reject faith in an exacting Devil or evil presences. Normally, in this way, they dismiss the possibility that witchcraft and divination are cultivated by the organization of shrewdness spirits. Many offer naturalistic clarifications for the working of enchantment and divination and other mystic innovations. In general, the mysterious network today has extended its meaning of the regular to fuse components that were prior viewed as powerful, setting them in the class of the super-or paranormal. However, they are as yet associated with the old ways that is, the mysterious. Presently You See it, Now You Dont What has occurred in the mysterious world in the previous at least two decades is exactly what C. S. Lewis depicted in his exemplary work, The Screwtape Letters which depicts an accomplished evil presence (Screwtape) composing letters of exhortation to an amateur devil (Wormwood): I have extraordinary expectations that we will learn in due time how to emotionalize and mythologize their science to such a degree, that what is, in actuality, a faith in us, (however not under that name) will sneak in while the human psych e stays shut to confidence in the Enemy i.e., God. The Life Force, the love of sex, and a few parts of Psychoanalysis, may here demonstrate helpful. In the event that once we can deliver our ideal work the Materialist Magician, the man, not utilizing, yet genuinely revering, what he ambiguously calls Forces while preventing the presence from claiming spirits then the finish of the war will be in sight. (1) Lewiss bits of knowledge on the deceptive procedure of Satan the most despised foe of our spirits seem to have been flawless concerning present day mystery. (2) When perceptions like Lewiss are made, in any case, it isn't extraordinary to hear comments such that Christians ascribe to the heavenly all that they can't grasp in the event that it can't be comprehended, it must be the Devil. In any case, this charge is baseless. While it is shockingly obvious that a few Christians tend to hyperspiritualize occasions and shout the Devil did it, or the Devil caused me to do it, this is p ositively not the situation with all. Numerous Christians have brought up supposed wicked (or celestial) events which were in truth cases of misrepresentation, irregularities, psychosomatic marvels, auto-or heterosuggestion, etc. (3) Such Christians have demystified perplexing events and represented them by their characteristic causes. Dark, White, or Neutral? The basic inquiry is, What is the genuine source or causal agent(s) of the mysterious (i.e., of divination, magic, and spiritism)? A few witches like to make a differentiation among high contrast enchantment/witchcraft and divination. They guarantee that witchcraft or divination performed for unselfish or potentially altruistic purposes (to help other people) is acceptable. Along these lines, enchantment finished with honest goals and wanted outcomes is named white enchantment. On the other hand, magic performed with childish and additionally pernicious thought processes and intends (to hurt others) is named dark enchantment. Different witches prevent the legitimacy from securing this qualification or think that its pointless. Since they see enchantment as a characteristic power they see it as ethically unbiased (i.e., not inherently great or fiendishness). Like power, some state, enchantment can be utilized for acceptable or malicious however similarly as one would not talk about dark or white power, one ought not do as such with enchantment either. Christians also prevent the legitimacy from claiming a differentiation among high contrast enchantment or divination, yet for totally various reasons. Regardless of whether called dark, white, negative, or positive any such differentiation is ill-conceived. Where the Christian and all witches differ is on a definitive source, the real character, the who or what off camera of the mysterious. It is the Christians conviction that in spite of all their supernatural speculations, witches (and every single other medium) have neglected to get a handle on the genuin e wellspring of the mysterious. I hence offer the accompanying scriptural point of view on their convictions and practices. What Says The Word?Since witches don't by and large acknowledge the lessons of the Bible, we won't invest a lot of energy in a scriptural evaluate. (4) However, even a careless survey of Scripture is sufficient to exhibit that the convictions and practices of witches are absolutely inconsistent with the Bible. Witches who genuinely inspect the Scriptural declaration will have no real option except to concede that the Bible censures their convictions and practices. Actually, Scripture gives a sweeping judgment of all types of the mysterious divination, witchcraft, and spiritism in differing entries all through the Old and New Testaments. For example, in Deuteronomy 18:10-12 Gods perspective on mystery is communicated in the accompanying notice: Let nobody be found among you who forfeits his child or little girl in the fire, who rehearses divination or magic, dec iphers signs, participates in black magic, or throws spells, or who is a medium or spiritist or who counsels the dead. Any individual who does these things is contemptible to the LORD If this were the main scriptural section managing this issue, it would be certain that all types of the mysterious are censured by God. However, this is just one of numerous harsh references (see, e.g., Lev. 19:26, 31; 20:6; 2 Kings 17:10-17; 21:1-6; 23:4-7, 24-25; 2 Chron. 33:6; Acts 13:6-12; 16:18; Gal. 5:20; Rev. 9:21). Besides, various types of god and goddess adore are unequivocally censured in Scripture. There are, for instance, a large number of denunciatory references to revering or summoning the different divine beings and goddesses of the Near Eastern religions: the Assyrian and Babylonian Ishtar, the Ashtoreths of the Canaanites (e.g., the Sidonians and Phoenicians, etc (e.g., Deut. 16:21; Judg. 2:10-14; 10:6-16; 1 Sam. 7:3-4; 12:10; 1 Kings 11:33; 2 Kings 23:13-15). Ashtoreth is portrayed i n 2 Kings 23:13 as the abhorrent goddess of the Sidonians (NIV), or as the KJV and NASB interpret it the horrifying presence of the Sidonians. The Bible stands up not just against revering, summoning, and counseling agnostic divine beings, yet in addition against the possibility that people exclusively or altogether are divine. In one sense, witches are directly about the artifact of a portion of their convictions and practices. The conviction that individuals are or can become divine is a genuine model. In the primary book of the Bible (Gen. 3:5) we locate the first proposition made by the snake of the possibility that we could become like God. However, Scripture vehemently expresses that there is just one being who is God (Deut. 6:4; 32:39; Isa. 43:10-11; 44:6-8; 45:5-6, 14, 22; 46:9; Jer. 10:10-11; Mark 12:29-31; 1 Tim. 2:5; James 2:19). Despite the fact that there are some supposed divine beings or goddesses as in individuals venerate elements brought about by their minds there is just a single God naturally (1 Cor. 8:4-5; 10:20; Gal. 4:8). As one adroit onlooker commented: There are two central realities of human edification: (1) There is a God; and (2) You are not He. Mankind has not just exhibited an incredible proclivity towards self-idolization, it has likewise been unequivocally disposed to confound Gods creation (or His innovative procedure) for the Creator Himself (Rom. 1:21-25). This is absolutely the situation with those entrapped in the lessons of present day black magic. A few witches have really attempted to accommodate the above sections and others with their own practices. In any case, the Bible especially in the first dialects renders any such moving vain. (5) We along these lines ask that witches at any rate recognize that the Bible in no sense excuses their practices, yet rather explicitly denounces them. The Source of the Force Like a boozer who constantly comes back to the container, so mankinds bowed toward self-exaltation and creation love has been powerful, as has been its visual impairment towards its own wretched quandary because of the desolating impacts of wrongdoing. Indeed, witches are deluded not just about the natural misrepresentation of their regularly genuinely held convictions (see Prov. 14:12), yet too about the wellspring of their confused conviction framework. Regardless of what witches guarantee, black magic begins from Satan the dad of falsehoods and the divine force of this world, and from keeps an eye on degenerate nature. In this way, however witches don't recognize the Devils presence, they are regardless (even more so) caught in the claws of his oppressive hold (2 Tim. 2:25-26). To witches who accept that enchantment is a characteristic, unbiased power or force, Christians answer that it is somewhat engaged by the sovereign of the intensity of the air that presently works in the offspring of noncompliance (Eph. 2:2). In that capacity, regardless of whether witches recognize it or not, all mystery includes association and dealing with evil spirits (see Lev. 17:7; 20:6; Deut. 32:17; Ps. 106:36-39; 1 Cor. 10:20-21; Rev. 9:20-21). (6) As W. Foerster remarks, For Paul black magic is interfering with demons.But there can likewise be intercourse with evil spirits in the typical barbarian cultus (1 C. 10:20f.).While symbols are nothingdemons remain behind agnosticism. (7) Or, as Bietenhard advises us, Since managing evil spirits lies behind sorceryit is dismissed (Gal. 5:20).Heathen love carries men into contact with devils (1 Cor. 10:20f.), for evil spirits remain behind agnosticism by and large (Rev. 9:20). (8) This is the reason mystery in the entirety of its structures is denounced in the Bible. Mediums accordingly fall under the judgmen

Human Physical Appearance and Women Essay

The middle east and conflict there in. essays

The center east and strife there in. papers The Jews, one of the most every now and again aggrieved and victimized gatherings on the planet, have had a powerful urge to come back to their Holy Land and make a homogenous state there since the primary century. The development to come back to the Holy Land, Zionism, was depicted in Hebrew strict messages and lauded as a rigid journey. In any case, executing the repatriation demonstrated a considerably more troublesome undertaking than the heavenly books affirmed it to be. The Muslim occupants of the district, by far most of whom were against a Jewish state and absolutely against leaving their country, unfavorably respected Zionism. In the battle to build up a Zionist express, the Arabs were inevitably driven away from their nation, starting a pattern of contention that portrayed Palestine as a state since the start of the Zionist development. The Palestinian Arabs, who felt their very presence was undermined by the Zionist development, pursued official and informal wars against t he Zionists as a methods for freedom. In the wake of escaping Palestine in the primary century, the Jewish individuals looked for an arrival to the Holy Land for quite a long time to come because of the solid strict noteworthiness of the area. Be that as it may, until the nineteenth century, Zionism was a little, chaotic development lacking authority. In Russia, Jews were compromised by serious strict oppression as slaughters. While numerous Jews looked for asylum in the United States, Zionism additionally picked up notoriety subsequently. Driven by Theodor Herzl, the Zionist development increased critical measures of adherents during the most recent four years of the nineteenth century and kept on developing in the twentieth century. The Zionist development increased much greater prevalence when, in 1917, the British reported the Balfour Declaration, an archive pronouncing that the British supported foundation of a Jewish state inside Palestine. In the wake of dealing with Palestine a month later, the British concluded that exchanges between ... <!

Radio Review Integration of Solar Energy

Question: Examine about the Radio Review for Integration of Solar Energy. Answer: Immediate and aberrant current are classes of current stream in a circuit. In direct current, the progression of current is just one way while in the elective current, the progression of current changed occasionally. The voltage in Alternative current continues turning around because of the altering course of the current. The two flows are applied reciprocally however the immediate current is generally basic in gadgets while substituting current is basic in structures. An alternator is utilized to produce elective current. The war of flows started in 1880s with two individuals George Edisons who upheld the utilization of Direct Current and Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla who supported from rotating current (Kruger, P. 2006, 168). Direct flow was utilized all over in the U.S during the early long periods of power conveyance and Edison was happy to effectively guard his eminences. Radiant lights that were utilized everywhere throughout the nation and engines functioned admirably with direct current. Capacity batteries that gave power in instances of breaks in generator activities legitimately utilized the current. Direct current was solid and prudent as generators could be resembled permitting machines to utilize less present during light burden. Edison had additionally thought of a meter used to gauge the clients utilization and that just worked with direct current. During which no engine worked with the elective current. At this point, there was all proof on the upsides of Direct current. Tesla in a joint effort with Westinghouse concocted a framework used to create, transmit and utilize rotating current utilizing his attractive fields. This prodded up the contention among Tesla and Edison where he excused teslas thought by saying that his thoughts were astonishing yet unreasonable (Fadel, 2007, 220). Tesla had a superior comprehension of arithmetic than Edison who was only an experimenter subsequently saw nothing about elective current. Certain elements provoked the appropriation substituting current, including the then significant expense of direct current just as the adequacy of rotating current. The war of flows at long last reached a conclusion when Edison left from the electric force business and furthermore understood the predominance of the substituting flow( Gore,2006,89). All force organizations had received the utilization of exchanging current even his organization. After the finish of the flow fight, the substituting flow took over about 75% of electrical business in the United States. Taking everything into account, embracing both rotating and direct current was an incredible achievement in the vitality segment. Joining these two flows gave a total pattern of electromotive power which yields higher electrical vitality contrasted with singular kinds of flow. References Violence, An., An Inconvenient Truth,2006. Fadel, CMK (2007), Integration of Solar Energy in Rural Electrification in Senegal, UCAD, Dakar, Senegal. Kruger, P., Alternative Energy Resources: The Quest for Sustainable Energy, Wiley, New Jersey, USA (2006).

A Critical Assessment of the Requirement of Utmost Good Faith in Essay

A Critical Assessment of the Requirement of Utmost Good Faith in Marine Insurance Contracts - Essay Example In any case, in a world with current mechanical techniques for acquiring and sharing data, the obligation of most extreme great confidence, especially the obligation to unveil all material data seems, by all accounts, to be a piece harsh.5 More alarming maybe is the way that an inability to reveal material realities, paying little heed to the nonappearance of extortion or explicit expectation renders the agreement voidable stomach muscle initio. As such the outcome can be altogether unbalanced and unduly cruel. Notwithstanding, it is acknowledged that the safety net providers endorse hazards as well as survey them dependent on the realities known to them at the hour of guaranteeing the hazard. It consequently follows that data exclusively in the ownership of the safeguarded is essential for this purpose.6 This exploration study gives a basic evaluation of the obligation of most extreme great confidence in marine protection contracts with the end goal of deciding the method of reasoni ng for the obligation and whether the obligation can and ought to be improved. The fundamental issue is whether changes can fairly address the cruel results and to guarantee that the obligation to uncover compares with the real factors of the connection between the safeguarded and the back up plan and the present condition of current innovation. This paper is in this manner partitioned into three sections. The initial segment of the paper inspects the starting points of the obligation of most extreme great confidence in the customary law. The second piece of the paper analyzes the improvements of the obligation of most extreme great confidence and the last piece of the paper examinations potential changes that can viably make more harmony between the guaranteed and the safety net provider having respect to the reason for the principle of most extreme great confidence and present day mechanical advances. I. Starting points of the Duty of Utmost Good... This paper focuses on that protection contracts when all is said in done speak to a unique class of agreements since they are limited by the uberrimae fedei tenet. Accordingly all contracting parties have an obligation to guarantee that they don't distort significant realities and are in like manner under a steady obligation to unveil all realities that may incite safety net providers to expect the hazard. Naturally, the obligation of most extreme great confidence was vital during the eighteenth century. Be that as it may, in a world with present day mechanical techniques for acquiring and sharing data, the obligation of most extreme great confidence, especially the obligation to uncover all material data has all the earmarks of being somewhat unforgiving. This paper makes an end that the obligation of most extreme great confidence or uberrimae fidei sets an unreasonable exclusive requirement on the protected and capacities to free the safety net provider to such a degree, that protection cases can be maintained a strategic distance from for the scarcest slip up with respect to the safeguarded. The obligation of most extreme great confidence, albeit 200 years of age, has advanced about to the extent the courts can take it. Clearly in the course of the most recent 10 years of along these lines, the courts have taken as much scope as the division of forces will permit to alter the current tenet to limit the cruel outcomes. Nonetheless, the courts are limited by the execution of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 which is maybe the most probable purpose behind the propagation of the low working of the obligation of most extreme great confidence.

Graveyard Book Essay Topics

Graveyard Book Essay TopicsThe Graveyard Book, written by Laura Ingalls Wilder, is a classic tale of growing up. The story begins when Laura Ingalls Wilder tells her father about a monster she witnessed in the woods. A year later, she sets out to find the monster that her father told her about and will find out what happened to her father's family.Children will love to read the Graveyard Book in essay topics. It is an excellent book for use as a homework assignment because it contains a variety of adventure and suspense genres. Both children and adults will enjoy exploring these topics in the literary masterpiece that is the Graveyard Book. The tales in the book have been adapted to the internet and are being used as a way to enhance academic writing and reading.The essays that children complete in essay topics will allow them to think about the different genres of the stories. They will be challenged to explore the different genres that comprise the book. They will also be presented with a variety of story formats. They can research the background of the authors as well as the various themes and character types within the pages of the book. They will also be given the opportunity to meet the different characters that populate the series.To write the Graveyard Book essays, children will need to follow the same style as they would write the typical essay. They should take into consideration the theme that is to be explored through the essay topic. They should include a title and appropriate body contents in the body of the essay. It is important to explore the types of questions that need to be answered for the different topic options.After they have chosen a topic, they will need to list all of the stories that they intend to study in the Graveyard Book. They will then need to choose which one of the stories to investigate. Most students will list the first two stories and then look for a story that matches the length of their topic. The length of the Graveyard Book may not fit within the length of the topic. However, they should still choose a story that fits within the length of the topic.To complete the Graveyard Book essay topics, students will need to read the stories as well as writing about them. The main question to be answered is what is the story about? The short answer for this question is that the reader should give the answers of the main character and the main theme. The reason for the changes in the reader's thinking will determine the length of the essay topic.The Graveyard Book also includes a quiz at the end of the book. The quiz will test a student's reading comprehension and understanding of the plot as well as grammar and vocabulary. This essay should be taken seriously because it is one of the most difficult literary texts to study.The Graveyard Book is a classic that has been used as a way to expand academic writing and reading skills. It has been adapted to other mediums as well, including the internet. These essay topics allow children to study the different themes of the book through the use of writing skills.

Inconvenience to Indifference in Loves Diet - Literature Essay Samples

The speaker in John Donne’s poem â€Å"Love’s Diet† distances himself from his current relationship as his attitude towards love shifts from inconvenience to indifference with intermediary steps of defensive attacks. The speaker Donne presents does not have complete control over his emotions, and even shows subtle signs of fear at emotions like rejection. The lack of control, however, leads to feelings of annoyance because the speaker has become so consumed by love that he no longer has the ability to concentrate on other activities. The speaker then begins to distance himself from his lover by metaphorically placing his love on a diet in order to attain a state of indifference towards love and avoid the pain of rejection at the hands of an unfaithful mistress. Giving no indication of the reason for his annoyance with love, the speaker still clearly establishes his emotions. In the opening lines of the poem, he uses verbose language to describe love as à ¢â‚¬Å"a cumbersome unwieldiness / And burdenous corpulence† (Donne 104, 1-2) to indicate that the relationship has become troublesome for him. In the following lines the speaker sees a need to lessen his love â€Å"and keep it in proportion† (Donne 104, 4), suggesting that corpulent love consumes the speaker so much that he cannot carry on other activities. With four lines of background information the speaker then introduces the metaphor of the diet for his love. The use of this metaphor works effectively for the speaker because as the personified version of excessive love diminishes physically on the diet, the speaker achieves greater emotional distance from his lover and nears a state of indifference.The speaker distances himself from his current relationship by both curtailing his own responses to love and by refusing to accept his mistress’ signs of affection. The second, third, and fourth stanzas of â€Å"Love’s Diet† all follow a set patt ern that shows the speaker struggling to keep his love on the diet in the first three lines of the stanza before assuring himself that his mistress does not actually show favor to him alone. In the second stanza, the speaker proclaims that he does not allow his love to have more than one sigh a day (Donne 104, 7). Though love is still present, the speaker begins to exert more control over love, especially when he interacts with the mistress. When the mistress sighs and love would go against the diet to feast on her displays, the speaker â€Å"let him see / ‘Twas neither very sound, nor meant for me† (Donne 104, 11-12). The speaker, having already devised a way to diminish his emotions, must confront those of his lady. He convinces himself that her sigh, which previously would have been fodder for love, was not even directed to him. The speaker distances himself from the traditional activities associated with love as the pattern of denial continues in the third and fourth stanzas. The speaker claims that if love provoked weeping he â€Å"brin’d [the tear] so / With scorn and shame, that him it nourish’d not† (Donne 104, 13-14). The excessively salty tears would keep love on a strict diet, though the attitude toward love shows that the speaker is becoming pompous in his method of distancing himself from the relationship. The speaker also asserts his control over love by sustaining an attitude of contempt towards his lady’s actions. When she cries the speaker attacks her fidelity because her â€Å"eyes which roll towards all, weep not, but sweat† (Donne 104, 18). The strike against his lover’s fidelity is a new element to the poem. In the second stanza the speaker makes no mention of to whom the sighs were directed, but here the speaker includes another collective group of men with whom his lady presumably has relationships as well. The speaker includes an element of defensiveness in his attempts to distance himself from love.The defensive measures of the speaker extend into the fourth stanza. According to the parameters of the speaker’s pattern, he begins by boldly stating that he burnt the letters that love had him write (Donne 104, 20). Though he has prevented contact by burning the letters, the speaker still wrote them in the first place. Even in previous stanzas, the speaker has continued performing the actions associated with love despite his claims that his love is on a diet. The speaker has also continued to scrutinize his lady’s responses against the original intent of distancing himself from her. The defensive measures he employs as he denies his mistress’ affections culminate in the question he asks at the end of the fourth stanza, â€Å"what doth it avail / To be the fortieth name in an entail (Donne 105, 23-24)? According to the speaker, his lover writes to many people, and of them he is at the bottom of the list. The reference to à ¢â‚¬Å"an entail† points to the process of inheriting land, which the speaker uses in the poem as the non-existent chance he has for being with his lady because his name is fortieth on the list. The question, while not an outright attack as seen earlier, echoes the lover’s infidelity and the speaker’s attempts to distance himself.Though the speaker tries to distance himself from his relationship, he still pays a great amount of attention to his mistress throughout the poem. He describes love as a burden (Donne 104, 1) but for a span of three stanzas watches for his lady’s sighs, tears, and letters. Interaction continues despite the debate of her fidelity because the speaker refuses to actually end the relationship. The concept of a diet implies that the speaker only distances himself but has no intention to depart because the diet is not meant to lead to death. The speaker cannot destroy his emotions, but in the question of the fourth stanza, his defens ive measures of attack shift to the realization that caring too much does him no good (Donne 104, 23-24). The answer to his question lies in acquiring an attitude of indifference. Though the speaker has proven in previous stanzas that he cannot effectively end the relationship because he still pays attention to his mistress; despite his assertions that love inconveniences him, the speaker develops an attitude of indifference. The speaker opens the last stanza with a birding metaphor. He asserts that â€Å"Thus I reclaim’d my buzzard love to fly / At what, and when, and how, and where I choose† (Donne 105, 25-26). His love, once incapable of direction and precision, now resembles the tame falcon that hunts with keen observation. The speaker, however, claims to resemble the owner of the falcon who can carry out the actions of love as a hunter might behave on a hunt. Love, which once inconvenienced the speaker, now does not consume him and keep him from other acti vities because the speaker says that he can, â€Å"spring a mistress, swear, write, sigh, and weep: / And the game kill’d, or lost, go talk and sleep† (Donne 105, 29-30). Whether the speaker is successful or not in acquiring a mistress, it makes no difference to him because he has reached the point where love is an isolated activity that has no bearing on the rest of his life. The birding metaphor allows the speaker to transition from a person still controlled by love to a person capable of an existence outside of it. At the beginning of â€Å"Love’s Diet† the speaker devised a goal of keeping his love in proportion, but by the end of the poem he claims to be completely indifferent. Not only does the speaker take control of his emotions, he finally regards love as a type of sport. This transition comes suddenly after the speaker devotes so much time to his mistress and his own emotional responses to her. The speaker resorts to distancing himself emo tionally so that he does not get hurt by his mistress’ assumed infidelity and the amount of himself that he has placed in the â€Å"burdenous corpulence† (Donne 104, 2) of his love. Though the speaker would assert that he is a master of love, his transformation into the hunter cannot be admired because instead of just ending the relationship he continues it. The speaker successfully distances himself and eliminates the possible pain of rejection through indifference, but his difficult transition and attention to her actions suggests that he cares more for his mistress than he cares to admit. Work CitedDonne, John. â€Å"Love’s Diet†. John Donne’s Poetry. Ed. Donald R. Dickson. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2007. 104-5.

The Negative Impact on a Womans Self Esteem - 816 Words

Fatema Mernissi, â€Å"Size 6: The Western Womans Harem,† (274) explains how American Society can put a negative impact on a womans self esteem because of their harsh expectations. She puts the blame on the American mans requirements that a woman be a size four or six to be considered desirable. Our society is obsessed with the thought of being thin. The media puts out a harsh influence on how our young girls are suppose to look and act. These kind of expectations cause eating disorders and very low self esteem problems that could result in suicide. Could it be our expectations of a womans body image to be skinny is just as cruel as the veiling laws in Eastern women. In America we dont define our beauty anymore. Its the media that defines what beauty is and this influences our young women on how they view themselves. We tell each other that beauty is only skin deep. 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Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image to decide what my view point was. After research, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’s body image. The media consumption can lead to dissatisfaction and even have a correlation with eating disorders. â€Å"Social Media effects onRead MoreMedia s Effect On Self Esteem1731 Words   |  7 Pagesvisual stream of models and celebrities with perfect faces and bodies cannot be very good for one’s self-esteem. For some time now, there has been an ongoing debate on whether media has an effect on self-esteem and if so, whether its effect is positive or negative. Consequently, in this report I will discuss and analyze several studies which address the topic of media and its impact on self-esteem. Since the early twentieth century, Americans have adopted an obsession with the â€Å"thin ideal† - the

Conditions for Using a Binomial Distribution

Binomial probability distributions are useful in a number of settings. It is important to know when this type of distribution should be used. We will examine all of the conditions that are necessary in order to use a binomial distribution. The basic features that we must have are for a total of n independent trials are conducted and we want to find out the probability of r successes, where each success has probability p of occurring. There are several things stated and implied in this brief description. The definition boils down to these four conditions: Fixed number of trialsIndependent trialsTwo different classificationsThe probability of success stays the same for all trials All of these must be present in the process under investigation in order to use the binomial probability formula or tables. A brief description of each of these follows. Fixed Trials The process being investigated must have a clearly defined number of trials that do not vary. We cannot alter this number midway through our analysis. Each trial must be performed the same way as all of the others, although the outcomes may vary. The number of trials is indicated by an n in the formula. An example of having fixed trials for a process would involve studying the outcomes from rolling a die ten times.  Here each roll of the die is a trial. The total number of times that each trial is conducted is defined from the outset. Independent Trials Each of the trials has to be independent. Each trial should have absolutely no effect on any of the others. The classical examples of rolling two dice or flipping several coins illustrate independent events. Since the events are independent we are able to use the multiplication rule to multiply the probabilities together. In practice, especially due to some sampling techniques, there can be times when trials are not technically independent. A binomial distribution can sometimes be used in these situations as long as the population is larger relative to the sample. Two Classifications Each of the trials is grouped into two classifications: successes and failures. Although we typically think of success as a positive thing, we should not read too much into this term. We are indicating that the trial is a success in that it lines up with what we have determined to call a success. As an extreme case to illustrate this, suppose we are testing the failure rate of light bulbs. If we want to know how many in a batch will not work, we could define success for our trial to be when we have a light bulb that fails to work. A failure of the trial is when the light bulb works. This may sound a bit backward, but there may be some good reasons for defining the successes and failures of our trial as we have done. It may be preferable, for marking purposes,  to stress that there is a low probability of a light bulb not working rather than a high probability of a light bulb working. Same Probabilities The probabilities of successful trials must remain the same throughout the process we are studying. Flipping coins is one example of this. No matter how many coins are tossed, the probability of flipping a head is 1/2 each time. This is another place where theory and practice are slightly different. Sampling without replacement can cause the probabilities from each trial to fluctuate slightly from each other. Suppose there are 20 beagles out of 1000 dogs. The probability of choosing a beagle at random is 20/1000 0.020. Now choose again from the remaining dogs. There are 19 beagles out of 999 dogs. The probability of selecting another beagle is 19/999 0.019. The value 0.2 is an appropriate estimate for both of these trials. As long as the population is large enough, this sort of estimation does not pose a problem with using the binomial distribution.

Beowulf Is A Classic Story Of A Hero - 1485 Words

Beowulf is a classic story of a hero. His immense strength allows him to complete impossible deeds, and his honorable personality and strong moral compass means he is focused on helping people, not on winning glory. Beowulf’s strength as a hero beyond physical strength is exemplified by his extreme stubbornness and persistence when faced with a difficult challenge. His battles follow the arc of his character development, from a minor hero to a powerful and loved king with his conquests being so important in the warrior-culture which he lived in. The first foe he faces is the demonic monster known as Grendel. Beowulf travels from his homeland with 30 men because he feels as though he owes the Danish people a great debt, because they assisted his father in a war in the past. Grendel, a descendent of Cain from the Bible was his first test in the epic. The beast was famed as having the strength to take on 30 men at once, and killed 30 men a night for twelve years in Denmark to dem onstrate his strength. Beowulf’s strength is famed to be 30 men per arm, and having two arms as most people do, he has the strength of 60 men in his arms alone. Beowulf’s preparation for the battle involves removing all of his armor and weapons, and moving his soldiers to the side. He believes so strongly that he can defeat Grendel barehanded that he completely ignores all the equipment he brought with him for that specific battle. This shows either that Beowulf is very arrogant, or the he isShow MoreRelatedBeowulf - Profile of an Epic Hero Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesEpic Beowulf A hero, in the traditional sense of the word, is generally a protagonist in a story whose overwhelming power is the only which can defeat the evil of the day. In a classic example of this comes Beowulf, a novel adaptation of the epic Anglo-Saxon poem by Robert Nye. The main character and namesake of the story is Beowulf, an adventurous young hero. When he hears the tales of the monster Grendel that terrorizes the Danish kingdom, he immediately has the urge to lend his assistanceRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero711 Words   |  3 Pageswhole earth is the tomb of heroic men and their story is not given only on stone over their clay but abides everywhere without visible symbol woven into the stuff of other men’s lives,† said Perculus (PR). You’re born, you live a little, and then you die. There is no simpler way to sum up life. Often times this is done through oral tales, paintings, and various other ways. For those whose lives were truly something great , something memorable, their stories are transcripted into writings. Whether theseRead MoreAn Analysis of Beowulf1608 Words   |  6 PagesThe Old English epic Beowulf is built around the archetype of the journeying hero. Beowulf exemplifies a classical hero, one who is not immune from hubris, but who channels his strong will into judicious endeavors. Thus, Beowulf dies with the honor and glory befitting a king. His story is one of distinct binaries between good and evil. On the side opposite to Beowulfs goodness is the gruesome Grendel. Grendel is a monster, and the original epic poem does nothing to introduce moral ambiguity thatRead MoreEssay about John Miltons Paradise Lost as Christian Epic1147 Words   |  5 Pages from Genesis, which was a very popular story to discuss and retell at the time. His whole life had led up to the completion of this greatest work; he put over twenty years of time and almost as many years of study and travel to build a timeless classic. The succe ss of his poem lies in the fact that he skillfully combined classic epic tradition with strongly held Puritan Christian beliefs. In Paradise Lost, Milton uses many conventions of the classic epic, including an invocation of the MuseRead MoreEssay on Good and Evil in Beowulf1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe story of Beowulf was probably composed in England sometime in the Eighth Century AD, and written down circa 1000 AD, by a literate scop (bard) or perhaps a Christian scribe who was possibly educated in a monastery. The poem was created in oral tradition and was transferred to writing over time. It had its roots in folk tales and traditional stories until some very talented poet put it in something very near to its current form. The poem was more than likely performed for audiences at courtRead MoreCharacteristics Of Satan In Paradise Lost1029 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Milton’s Paradise Lost is a classic epic poem that describes the fall of Satan and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. Throughout the poem, Milton portrays Satan in a way that makes him tragically attractive to humans. Satan app ears to be the protagonist of Paradise Lost and has several traits in which readers can identify with. Not only is Satan a tragic hero in the literature, but also he is also the main character in the plot and portrays many flawed human qualities. Because SatanRead MoreAnalysis Of Grendel And The Novel The Land Of Stories 1051 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the lens created by the anglo-saxon society is removed the main antagonist in the classic Beowulf, Grendel, is revealed to be a tortured beast who is targeted by a religion crazed society. As stated by Chris Colfer in his novel The Land of Stories: The Wishing Spell â€Å"A villain is just a victim whose story hasn’t been told,† yet for many this lesson falls on deaf ears (9). For many Grendel is a thing of nightmares, a beast straight from hell that no villain can match. But when the society thatRead MoreBeowulf, An Anglo Saxon Epic Poem1316 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, contains several rh etorical strategies. The poem follows the life of a noble warrior named Beowulf while he quests to live up to his father’s name. In the poem, Beowulf overcame many obstacles primarily those of which involved battling supernatural creatures. Epic poems were generally written during the Anglo-Saxon era. They are commonly written in an elevated style in order to glorify the deeds of a legendary hero or god. Literary works during the Anglo-Saxon eraRead MoreTheme Of Paganism In Beowulf1179 Words   |  5 Pageslongest epic poem ever written in the genre of Old English is â€Å"Beowulf†, it has been composed in the native language as spoken during the Anglo-Saxon reign in England, preceding the Norman Conquest. Beowulf is regarded as a classic tale which relates the defeat of evil and triumph of good. The poem is divided into three acts. Christian and Pagan Influences in Beowulf: The Pagan deities, rituals as well as pagan ideas influenced Beowulf, when it was being created, though the passing down of the epicRead MoreBeowulf Archetypal Hero1431 Words   |  6 Pages2 11/12/12 Beowulf: The Man, the Legend, the Hero Beowulf is an epic poem whose earliest surviving copy was written in 1000 A.D. The story consists of three thousand one hundred and eighty two lines that follow the life of the title character. The original author of the epic poem is unknown mainly because it started as a verbal tale passed down orally through the ages. Finally someone wrote it down in a document now called the Nowell Codex. The epic tale is centered on Beowulf and his actions

Acute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process

Question: Discuss about theAcute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process. Answer: The concept of this essay relates to the history of "Mr. X" who had suffered the acute respiratory failure. The essay begins with the discussion of Mr. X condition with relevant to his history of signs and symptoms and the result's assessment. It will also incorporate the general pathophysiology process of acute respiratory disease in relation to Mr. X's health conditions. The essay will define the respiratory disease and also the major causes of the infection will also discuss on the relationship between clinical condition assessment findings and Mr. X symptoms with pathophysiology occurring, Patients symptoms and typical assessment findings being analyzed. The conclusion will be based on the significance themes being discussed. A 65-year-old man who will be known as Mr. X to protect his identity is admitted to the hospital due to acute respiratory failure. Some of the symptoms that Mr. X had when he was admitted to the hospital include; tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, cyanosis, tachycardia and bilateral fine respiratory crackles. He had a history of increased dyspnea and past injuries. The patient also had difficulties in breathing, restless, anxious, racing heartbeat, the skin started turning bluish, unconsciousness and profuse sweating (Frat et al, 2015). Acute respiratory distress becomes severe when the damage reaches the alveoli and the conditions turn to be the acute respiratory failure (Combes et al 2014). The patient has difficulties in oxygen supply to the blood system. This causes the pulmonary system to be unable to meet the metabolic requirements of the body. Mr. X's most risky condition was inadequate to supply of oxygen through his airways. He was then transferred to the intensive care uni t. He was placed in the pulse oximetry and the oxygen saturation maintained to above 90%. This was to ventilate his alveolar where the oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the blood capillaries. The urgent resuscitation was to improve the patients' health condition as much as possible and to prevent further life-threatening conditions. As a new nurse had little experience in dealing with the patient in such a critical condition. My prioritization was to learn more experience and research on the based practice so as to be able to apply the knowledge in the future in case of an encounter with a patient in such a situation, as I was guided by senior nurses in the intensive care unit ward (Schnell et al 2014). Some patients with injuries in the pulmonary shunt may contract hypoxemic respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure has been known to be caused by several factors that lead to the obstruction and interference with the breathing pathways and the organs involved. Injuries impair the respiratory systems and adversely affects the oxygen flow in the blood. For example, if there is an injury to the spinal cord the breathing process is affected. This is because the brain commands the brain to breathe. Thus, if the information transfer from the brain to the lungs is altered with due to injury, the lungs fail to function properly. According to the diagnosis carried out in the lab showed that risky behaviors of Mr. X lead to his infection. During diagnosis, the doctor asked the patient questions about his life. Mr. X had engaged in unethical behaviors drug and substance abuse. He used to take excessive alcohol, smoking and inhalation of toxic drugs and this lead to his acute respiratory problems (Moreau et al2013). Mr. X also had a lot of internal injuries on his chest and ribs and this interfered with the breathing process. The pathophysiology of Mr. X health was influenced by overdrinking and over smoking of toxic inhalation substances, this leads to improper brain functioning. Toxic chemicals interfered and damaged the tissues, air sacs and capillaries of Mr. X breathing system. Diagnosis showed that Mr. X had started developing cancer of the lungs due to excessive use of alcohol. The doctor checked the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration levels using a pulse oximetry and also tested the arterial blood gas (Konstantinides et al, 2014). Exposure to some irritating gases affects the airways by causing bronchitis, bronchiolitis and tracheitis. Other inhaled agents like carbon monoxide and cyanide if inhaled directly results to harm by displacing oxygen and causing asphyxia. Hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ozone, ammonia and phosgene are among the irritating gases. Hydrogen sulphide blocks the cytochrome system inhibiting the cellular respiration. Water-soluble gases affect the upper airways and cause the mucous membrane irritation. These gases due to their irritation action alert people in the surrounding making them escape. Less soluble gases are unable to dissolve in liquid but are very risky when they reach the lower airways. Injuries caused by smoke inhalation result in lung damage which is the main respiratory organ. Risky behaviors of Mr. X like excessive use of alcohol is characterized as the main cause of cancer or in the lungs. The test result findings of Mr. X showed that over drinking of alcohol had begun to develop a significance acute hypoxemia spread to pulmonary infiltrates in the absence of cardiac failure but it developed into acute lung injury. There was disruption of endothelium- capillary interphase. (Gurin et al, 2013). During the sensitive phase of acute lung injury, there is the increase in the permeability of the capillary- endothelium barrier which leads to the leakage of protein-rich fluids outside the capillaries. The type 1 pneumocytes cells of the alveolar epithelium are much damaged when the acute lung injury occurs. This results in the creation of the open interface between the blood and the lungs and it facilitates the diffuse of microorganisms from the leading to systemic inflammatory response. The lung injury also causes difficulties the for the lungs to expel fluid through the capillaries out of the airspaces. The microvascular thrombosis, fluid-filled air spaces, disorganized repair and loss of surfactant lead to decrease compliance, increase in ventilation- permeation mismatch, right to left pathway breathing system. The lymphatic drainage of Mr. X was curtailed by the acute injury. This contributed to the increase of extravascular fluid. The inflammation and obstruction o alveolar c ells lead to fibroblast proliferation, tracheal remodeling, hyaline membrane structure formation and fibrosis of the lung. Extensive susceptibility of Mr. X condition to microvascular thrombosis would lead to myocardial dysfunction, systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Mr. X had a compromised pulmonary system which was as a result of thermal injury and inhalation injury that facilitated to microvascular permeability and this lead to pulmonary oedema and increased lung lymph flow. There are several cases of patients who have been exposed to some harmful agents like mercury, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide. After around ten days they are likely to develop complications in the respiratory system known as bronchiolitis obliterans. These acute respiratory complications make the granulation tissue to accumulate at the ends of airways and alveolar pathways during respiratory process. Few of such patients develop the pulmonary fibrosis afterwards (Schmidt et al 2014). According to Mr. X's health condition, the doctor instructed he uses a ventilator support. The doctor also prescribed the analgesic medication, humidification and oxygen supply for faster improvement. Due to his difficulties in breathing at his own, the doctor inserted a tube through the nose or the mouth and connected it to the ventilator to enable the patient to breathe easily. For the patients who require the prolonged ventilator, through their windpipe an artificial airway called tracheostomy is created. The mechanical ventilator used in the case Mr. X is the most appropriate therapeutic means for acute respiratory failure (Curley et al 2015). The aim of the mechanical was to keep the PaO2 greater at 60 mmHg (8.0 kDa) without injuring the lungs through forcing of excess oxygen (Lemiale et al 2015). The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the most preferred to the patient are under mechanical ventilation therapeutic mainstay. To the patient who is able to breathe at their o wn, it was my role as nurse to supply them with portable oxygen tanks for helping them with easier breathing (Creed Spiers 2010). After two to three weeks Mr. X started showing some improvement. The doctor advised him more on the importance of avoiding alcohol for his better future. He was then referred to a counsellor where he was taught about the cause of his condition, hoe to avoid further complication to his health and how to improve on his healing. This included for Mr. X engagement on therapeutic exercises. Acute respiratory failure if not treated for a long time may lead to permanent damage to lungs or develops to lung cancer. Highly corrosive chemicals cause a very significant damage to the airway lining and also to the lungs. This requires immediate medical interventions. Some of the antibiotic administered to the patient are corticosteroids and bronchodilators for the treatment of bronchospasm. There are cheap positive pressure devices that are used in mass casualty conditions and some drugs for prevention of inflammatory and pulmonary oedema (Naeije et al 2013). Some drugs that have been recommended and are profitable in the treatment of pulmonary oedema caused by exposure to corrosive chemicals are; dopamine, allopurinol, beta- agonists, insulin and ibuprofen. The beta- agonists which are used to treat asthma has been found effective in reducing the pulmonary oedema condition (Sorbo et al, 2014). The drug called sevoflurane is an anaesthetic agent used as a bronchodilator and it lowers pressure in the airways and improves the oxygen flow through the capillaries. Some of the drugs are administered to t arget specific injury sites and for the specific inflammatory response. There are other drugs that help in regulating and improvement of the activities of the ion in the blood channels to control fluid movement across the lung membranes. (Walkey Wiener 2013). They also target the surfactant. The mechanic information concerning biochemistry, physiology, and toxicology are important in determining the new therapy methods and development of new diagnostic methods. Acute respiration failure has been the most common infection that led to many cases of people who have been admitted to the intensive care unit. The lung is the most affected organ in the patient's body. The lung is an elastic organ whose inflation results from the partial pressure of the gases inhaled and the diffusion gradient of these gases as they cross the alveolar- capillary membrane. During breathing it's the lung that plays a passive role with the help of the muscular effort for ventilation. At normal breathing, exhalation is completely passive but when one is exercising in forced expirat ion, the muscles involved becomes active. As the process of respiration involves the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), the lungs must overcome its elastic components for it to inflate. With high compliance and the absence of elastic tissue and alveolar, the lungs are able to inflate easily. Insufficient lung ventilation results in a hypercapnic respiratory failure. It occurs when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange fail. Some of the conditions that cause acute respiratory failure includes; primary respiration infection, drug overdose and exacerbation of cardiac disease. There are several medical indicators of acute respiratory failure. These indicators include; PH below 7.35 versus partial pressure carbon dioxide in the arteries (paco2) above 50mm Hg, partial pressure oxygen in the arteries (pao2) below 60mm Hg and arterial oxygen supply as measured by oximetry (spo2) below 91% in the room air and paco2 increase of 10mm Hg from below in patients with chronic lung cancer. The basic nursing care for the treatment of acute respiratory failure is by supporting the patient with devices for supplemental oxygen through mechanical ventilation and monitoring oxygen saturation (Morton et al 2017. For the tremendous effect on improving the patient's efficiency of recovery. It's the role of the nurse to check on changes in the respiratory status of the patients (Aitken et al 2015). Assessment of the patient tissue oxygen status frequently. Evaluation and indication of result end-organ perfusion and noting the signal of coronary artery perfusion. (Bellani et al 2016). References Aitken, L., Chaboyer, W. and Marshall, A., 2015. Scope of critical care practice. ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing-E-Book, p.1. Authors/Task Force Members, Konstantinides, S.V., Torbicki, A., Agnelli, G., Danchin, N., Fitzmaurice, D., Gali, N., Gibbs, J.S.R., Huisman, M.V., Humbert, M. and Kucher, N., 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European heart journal, 35(43), pp.3033-3073. Bellani, G., Laffey, J.G., Pham, T., Fan, E., Brochard, L., Esteban, A., Gattinoni, L., Van Haren, F., Larsson, A., McAuley, D.F. and Ranieri, M., 2016. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. Jama, 315(8), pp.788-8. Creed, F. and Spiers, C. eds., 2010. Care of the acutely ill adult: an essential guide for nurses. OUP Oxford. Combes, A., Brodie, D., Bartlett, R., Brochard, L., Brower, R., Conrad, S., De Backer, D., Fan, E., Ferguson, N., Fortenberry, J. and Fraser, J., 2014. Position paper for the organization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs for acute respiratory failure in adult patients. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 190(5), pp.488-496. Curley, M.A., Wypij, D., Watson, R.S., Grant, M.J.C., Asaro, L.A., Cheifetz, I.M., Dodson, B.L., Franck, L.S., Gedeit, R.G., Angus, D.C. and Matthay, M.A., 2015. Protocolized sedation vs usual care in pediatric patients mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 313(4), pp.379-389. Del Sorbo, L., Cypel, M. and Fan, E., 2014. Extracorporeal life support for adults with severe acute respiratory failure. The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 2(2), pp.154-164. Gurin, C., Reignier, J., Richard, J.C., Beuret, P., Gacouin, A., Boulain, T., Mercier, E., Badet, M., Mercat, A., Baudin, O. and Clavel, M., 2013. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(23), pp.2159-2168. Frat, J.P., Thille, A.W., Mercat, A., Girault, C., Ragot, S., Perbet, S., Prat, G., Boulain, T., Morawiec, E., Cottereau, A. and Devaquet, J., 2015. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(23), pp.2185-2196. Lemiale, V., Mokart, D., Resche-Rigon, M., Pne, F., Mayaux, J., Faucher, E., Nyunga, M., Girault, C., Perez, P., Guitton, C. and Ekpe, K., 2015. Effect of noninvasive ventilation vs oxygen therapy on mortality among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 314(16), pp.1711-1719. Moreau, R., Jalan, R., Gines, P., Pavesi, M., Angeli, P., Cordoba, J., Durand, F., Gustot, T., Saliba, F., Domenicali, M. and Gerbes, A., 2013. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 144(7), pp.1426-1437. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017. Critical care nursing: a holistic approach (p. 1056). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Naeije, R., Vachiery, J.L., Yerly, P. and Vanderpool, R., 2013. The transpulmonary pressure gradient for the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease. Walkey, A.J. and Wiener, R.S., 2013. Use of noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure, 20002009: a population-based study. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 10(1), pp.10-17. Schmidt, M., Bailey, M., Sheldrake, J., Hodgson, C., Aubron, C., Rycus, P.T., Scheinkestel, C., Cooper, D.J., Brodie, D., Pellegrino, V. and Combes. A., 2014 Predicting survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory failure. The Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction (RESP) score. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 189(11), pp.1374-1382. Schnell, D., Timsit, J.F., Darmon, M., Vesin, A., Goldgran-Toledano, D., Dumenil, A.S., Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Adrie, C., Bouadma, L., Planquette, B. and Cohen, Y., 2014. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure: trends in use and outcomes. Intensive care medicine, 40(4), pp.582-591.

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Question: Discuss about theSymbolic Interaction Theory. Answer: Introduction The symbolic interaction theory explains the means through which a society or a family ascribes sense to non-verbal communication, people, objects, and verbal communication. Fundamentally, the theory characterizes the perception of actions or objects as a means of communication (Estes Edmonds, 1981). The scope of the research, therefore, will be limited in outlining the background, basics of the theory, and significance of the symbolic interaction theory especially in understanding human communication as well as to give a reflection. In the communication process, the meaning given to symbols can be altered during the interpretive process which is intrinsically a part of the communication process within a given society. Therefore, symbolic interaction theory is fundamental in interpreting both nonverbal and verbal communication (Joel, 2009). The theory utilizes the ordinary means and symbols to pass or obtain a message. The primary symbols used by humans to intermingle include words, gestures, rules, and roles. Through the development of a complex set of symbols, humans interrelate in particular environments. The exceptional role of the symbolic interaction theory to society is to aid individuals to build the idea of self in the midst of social interrelations (Carpendale, 2014). Background of the Theory The symbolic interaction theory has developed out of contributions of two scholars George Herbert Mead and Heabert Blummer. Blummer is considered the father of the theory since he was the first to coin the word symbolic interactionism' and to organize Mead's concepts into a unified theory with a given methodological propositions for study (Aksan, AydÄÂ ±n Demirbuken, 2009). Carter Fuller (2016) recognizes symbolic interaction a progressive theory because it's the role of the social actors to ascribe meaning to objects around them. The significance of George Herbert Mead in the formulation of the theory can be derived from his conviction that mind and ego are a creation of the society. Herbert postulate that symbols build-up the mind and thus utilized as a mode of thinking and communication (Mead, 1934). Mead, therefore, focused on the way people relate daily by use of symbolic interaction and generated meaning and order. On the other hand, Blummer understands meaning' in two perspectives: Meaning is perceived as something being predicated to a phenomenon, object or event. It is also seen as the physical attachment' forced to an object or event by man. Blummer, therefore, considers meaning as a provision which results from interrelations of a given group of people rather than, an inherent characteristic of an object (Blummer, 1986). Consequently, the meaning of symbols results from interactions. Symbolic interaction theory thus recognizes meaning as the core of man activities. However, language grants meaning to human activities through the use of symbols. Hence, it is proper to conclude that symbols distinguish human social relations from any other form of communication. Man attributes meaning to a symbol which results to a language. As a result, symbols shape the foundations of communication (Tubbs, 2012). Fundamental Concept of the Social Interaction Theory The most basic building block of the theory is the analysis of human communication about a symbol or what Mead referred to as the significant symbol. A significant symbol, therefore, is defined as a verbal or any other type of a gesture that arouse a mutual response in the one using it and to whom it is intended (Becker McCall, 2009). Consequently the ability to utilize significant symbols makes human interaction possible by the meaning attached to the symbol. Human communication is thus perceived as engagement in symbolic interaction. In social interaction theory, human language is understood to be constituted by a set of conventional symbols which man can identify. However, Blummer proposes that they are three central principles of the theory which include Meaning, Language, and Thought (Bretherton, 2014). Meaning According to the principle, human behavior towards others and things is founded on the meaning, they have attached to them. For example, when a Muslim extremist think of a Christian there is an image that forms in his or her mind and his or her behavior towards the Christian will be based on that image (Blummer, 1986). Language Language is the principle that makes it possible for symbols and interaction to be understood by the mind and aids in the formulation of assumptions. In addition, the naming of things is vital in creating meaning to all things because everything is deemed to have a name. In human interaction people construct the meaning of words and gestures based on comprehension and perspective of the symbol (Blummer, 1986). For example, having dinner out may mean just going out and getting something to eat to some people while to others it may mean having a date. Thought Thought principle is understood to imply the interpretation that is attributed to a symbol. It refers to the mental a process that communicates regarding the names, symbol, and meaning and intrinsically linked to language. It is also constituted of mental activity such as imagination (Blummer, 1986). Significance of the Theory Denzin (2008) acknowledges that Social interaction theory is very helpful especially in understanding how miscommunication happens amid people. A given symbol either vocal or a gesture can have a different meaning in different contexts. Miscommunication, therefore, occurs when symbols are scrutinized outside their attached meaning. For example, there was a time President Richard Nixon gestured to a group of Australian with an intention to pass a message of peace and good will. Regrettably, the identical gesture that communicated peace' in the United States had an awfully vulgar connotation in the Australian community. A precise knowledge in symbolic interactionism is thus important in comprehending the various message interpretation depending on different meaning attached to words and symbols (Smith-Lovin Heise, 2016). In conclusion, social interaction theory is vital in creating a common understanding especially by employing of symbols. However, for it to be effective there must be mutual understanding resulting from the communication using the symbols. It is worth noting that communication by use of symbols is a process by which meaning is attributed and put across to generate a mutual understanding. It is also critical to point out that this process demands extensive repertoire of proficiency in intrapersonal and interpersonal especially in analyzing, listening, observing, and evaluating human communication. As a result, social interaction theory is practical, and its future is bright. Reflection Since infancy, we are taught how to express ourselves using both verbal and non-verbal communication. The theory, therefore, helps in understanding certain actions within the members of the same family. Members of the same family know which symbols and meaning are acceptable within the family. As a result of close interaction between the family members, it is easy to find out when one of the family members is stressed simply through the body language. As family members, we learn the non-verbal communication signaled by fellow family members when they are sad, happy, stressed or angry. Therefore, in a family set-up, some actions or symbols are attributed a given meaning which is shared by all the family members. In my family, for example, it is easy to know when my dad is angry and needs time alone. He expresses this need non-vocally by going outside to smoke his cigar. As family members, we know at that moment no one should go to him for a conversation until he is back to the house and has cooled down. Therefore for my dad, a cigar is symbolic of anger. Failure to understand my father this way could lead to conflict. For example, if we the family members and especially my mom have not learned the meaning of his action as needing time alone there could have occurred arguments and confrontations. My dad expects that our close interaction with him should aid us in recognizing the symbolism and therefore respect his need for time alone. The example of how my dad deals with anger is connected to the symbolic interaction theory. We the family members have attributed meaning to the action of my dad smoking and have learned to behave accordingly. The action is a means of expressing the need of time alone. Though some symbols are common to society, others make sense only to a group of people or to given situations. The understanding of given action or a symbol, therefore, determine the human behavior in a particular situation. Symbolic interactionism is thus vital in evaluating the meaning of human action within a society. From the example, it is clear that human is not a creation of the society but rather a creator of the society. They shape their behaviors and give meaning to their environment through conventional symbols and shared meaning. Hence, to understand the human behaviors the focus should be on human interaction. In my family to understand the behavior of the family members towards my dad's action one primarily need to comprehend the family interaction. Symbolic interaction theory is unique in that it emphasizes on the interpersonal relation and human thought rather than external factors that influence human behavior. It can be concluded that human interactions that create symbols and their meaning also generate social structures. The theory, therefore, aids individuals in formulating the concept of self-identity in the midst of social interactions. References Aksan, N., KÄÂ ±sac, B., AydÄÂ ±n, M., Demirbuken, S. (2009). Symbolic interaction theory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 902-904. Becker, H. S., McCall, M. M. (Eds.). (2009). Symbolic interaction and cultural studies. University of Chicago Press. Blummer, H. (1986). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. University of CaliforniaPress. Bretherton, I. (Ed.). (2014). Symbolic play: The development of social understanding. AcademicPress. Carter, M. J., Fuller, C. (2016). Symbols, meaning, and action: The past, present, and future ofsymbolic interactionism. Current Sociology. Academic Press. Carpendale, J. I. (Ed.). (2014). Social interaction and the development of knowledge. PsychologyPress. Denzin, N. K. (2008). Symbolic interactionism and cultural studies: The politics ofinterpretation. John Wiley Sons. Estes, C. L., Edmonds, B. C. (1981). Symbolic interaction and social policy analysis.Symbolic Interaction, 4(1), 75-86. Joel, M. C. (2009). Symbolic interactionism: An introduction, an interpretation, an integration. Pearson College Division. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society (Vol. 111). University of Chicago Press.: Chicago. Smith-Lovin, L., Heise, D. R. (2016). Analyzing Social Interact: Adva. Routledge. Tubbs, S. (2012). Human Communication: Principles and Contexts. McGraw-Hill HigherEducation.

Possible Solutions for CSC

CSC is facing a certain kind of decline and the company is selling its facilities to gain some revenue. The company is selling one of its units in Australia, Paxus, to Adcorp a service company (South Africa).1Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Possible Solutions for CSC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is possible to note that one of the major issues CSC is facing now is emergence of new competitors.2 Many new businesses are entering the market (including quite large corporations that were not the company’s competitors previously, e.g. Microsoft, Amazon, etc.). The company has to come up with new strategies to overcome one of the most burning issues, i.e. significant competition. Notably, competition is an inevitable part of the business world. However, it is quite a serious issue for CSC. Competitors offer more services at lower prices and many of the company’s clients cease to work with CSC. Thi s issue has another impact. The company can lose many professionals as they can be offered higher salaries One of the major causes of the serious issue is that the company has long used a strategy of avoidance. CSC has tended to avoid competition by moving to other niches.3 Therefore, the company has no experience in operating in a competitive environment. The company has not worked out specific strategies to keep clients loyal to the company. The company’s attitude towards human resources development is also quite hazardous as they tend to invest in development of few professionals who have already made a considerable contribution.4 This can make many employees less motivated to work for the company. These employees can leave CSC and started working for competitors. Some claim that the company can focus on providing services to vertical industries and â€Å"move away from the commodity market†.5 It can help the company meet short-term goals as this will help them to f ind their clients in other niches.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this solution can be quite hazardous in terms of long-term goals. Leaving some niches in the market, the company will lose its clients. Besides, when the company enters new niches, it will face competition there, sooner or later. The company may end up losing all possible niches in the market. A better solution is to change the very strategy of the company that focused on niches where competition was low. The company should focus on development of new strategies to remain competitive in the changing environment.6 This will help CSC remain in the market as well as keep its customers and/or gain new clients, which is the major goal of any company. This will also help the company be focused on further development, rather than looking for other niches and possible ways to escape from competition. With t his major goal in mind, the company can make certain steps to pursue the aim. CSC should continue developing relations with existing clients. The major advantage of the company is its being a global and diversified business. CSC has already developed a reputation of a reliable company. Therefore, it is important to emphasize these advantages. Bibliography â€Å"Computer Sciences Corporation: CSC Agrees to Sell Australian IT Staffing Unit.† 4-traders, 2012. Web Horton, Michael. Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011. Web. Schermerhorn, John R., Paul Davidson, David Poole, Alan Simon, Peter Woods, So Ling Chau. Management Foundations and Applications. Milton: John Wiley Sons, 2012.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Possible Solutions for CSC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Footnotes 1. â€Å"Computer Sciences Corporation: CSC Agrees to Sell Australian IT Staffing Unit,† 4-traders, 2012. 2. Mi chael Horton, Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011. 3. Ibid. 4 Michael Horton, Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011. 5. Ibid. 6. John R. Schermerhorn, Paul Davidson, David Poole, Alan Simon, Peter Woods, So Ling Chau, Management Foundations and Applications (Milton: John Wiley Sons, 2012), 14. This report on Possible Solutions for CSC was written and submitted by user Judah V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essays

Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essays Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essay Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essay it is the failure to use dispute that causes the distress and low productivity, associated with escalating dispute. Dispute avoidance and the failure to develop an organization equipped to manage it, not dispute itself. Open, skilful discussion is needed to turn differences into synergistic gain rather than squabbling losses. CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE Dispute is inevitable in construction projects and it can be regarded as endemic in the construction industry. Disputes can either be avoided from the start by way of efficient risk allocation and management or resolved once it is occurs. The former seems to be more suitable to avoid unnecessary time and cost. However, the latter may be practical for complex issues which require third party’s interference (Edwards Shaoul, 2003). 2 Construction disputes are fairly common, and they vary in their nature, size, and complexity. Mark Appel, senior vice president of the American Arbitration Association, stated that â€Å"[t]he construction industry†¦[is] really the industry that sponsors our work. (ENR 2000). Although this statement may initially appear to be an indictment, it simply reflects the complexity of a contemporary construction project, which requires the orchestration of numerous interdependent components, including information, materials, tools, equipment, and a large number of personnel working for independent engineers, contractors, and supplier. Respected professionals estimate that construction litigation expenditures in the United States have increased at an average rate of 10 percent per year over the last decade, and now total nearly $5 billion annually (Michel 1998, Pena-Mora, Sosa, and McCone 2003). Osver the past two decades the construction industry has made tremendous progress in developing more efficient methods of dispute prevention and resolution. In fact, experts frequently refer to the construction industry as being on the innovative edge regarding dispute resolution (ENR 2000, Hinchey and Schor 2002). Despite the progress, there remains much room for improvement. Current practice in construction dispute resolution generally reflects one of two perspectives: that one size (or resolution method) fits all disputes, and that dispute resolution is a menu of independent stand-alone choices. It is more effective to approach dispute resolution in a manner similar to medical treatment – diagnose the problem first, and then select the least Invasive procedure that will correct it. Because the cost-effectiveness and timeliness of dispute resolution are critical factors, this thesis proposes a flexible framework – a strategic approach to dispute prevention and resolution that employs a neutral advisor, early intervention, and the ability to tailor the resolution 3 method to the particular nature of the dispute. II. Current Practice A number of different Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods are currently used in the construction industry. A few of the more common methods are highlighted briefly: Step Negotiation generally requires the individuals directly involved in the dispute to seek resolution through direct negotiation. If a resolution is not reached within a predetermined length of time, the dispute is elevated to the next level in the organizations. This process normally continues to senior levels of each organization. Dispute Review Boards1 typically consist of three neutral experts, who visit the site periodically in order to monitor progress and potential problems. When requested by the parties, the board conducts an informal hearing of the dispute and issues an advisory opinion that the parties use as a basis for further negotiations. The prevalence of construction disputes indicates that the current approach to dispute resolution is not effective enough. First, as evidenced by standard construction contract forms, dispute resolution tends to be addressed by specifying the resolution method(s) to be used. This â€Å"pre-ordaining† of the ADR method obviously cannot consider the nature of the dispute, and may in fact limit the parties’ consideration of possible resolution methods. When the project atmosphere deteriorates, parties frequently stop communicating effectively, become inflexible, and â€Å"wrap themselves in the contract. † Therefore, a contract that specifies a particular dispute resolution method, rather than a flexible process, may unintentionally result in the oversight of â€Å"less invasive† methods that are available and probably preferable. Second, dispute resolution methods are too frequently viewed as a menu of stand-alone 4 choices. Dispute resolution methods can be effectively combined into more comprehensive processes, where the benefits of synergy can be exploited to successfully resolve the dispute. A more effective approach would be a dispute resolution system that emphasizes prevention in addition to resolution, and includes the flexibility to determine the most appropriate ADR method (or combination of methods) for each dispute, in an effort to find the â€Å"least invasive procedure† that has a strong likelihood of success. Such a system would address key industry concerns, those most commonly being the cost and time required to resolve the dispute. III. Dispute Resolution Systems Design Slaikeau and Hasson (1998) present a strategy to develop more cost-effective business dispute resolution systems. They describe four summary methods of dealing with conflict: avoidance, collaboration, resorting to higher authority, and power plays. Their consulting experience has shown that the majority of existing dispute resolution systems prematurely resort to â€Å"higher authority† (e. g. , boss, arbitration, litigation) or â€Å"power play† (e. . , strikes) resolution methods before fully exploring the collaborative (e. g. , negotiation, mediation/n) options. Slaikeau and Hasson present a comprehensive dispute resolution system template that includes four major components: site-based resolution (between the parties, with an optional appeal to internal higher authority, such as a supervisor), internal support, convening for external ADR, and appealing to an external higher authority (e. g. , courts or governmental agencies). The template generally requires collaborative methods prior to resorting to external higher uthority. After site-based resolution, the utilization and sequence of subsequent components are completely flexible, including the ability to â€Å"loop back† to a more collaborative 5 component at any time. Progressive dispute resolution exists in the construction industry, but most frequently in predefined escalation specified in the contract; for instance, the DBIA standard contract forms specify step negotiation, then mediation, and finally binding arbitration (DBIA 1998a, 1998b). Groton (1997) presents four principles to consider when designing an effective dispute resolution system for construction: 1. â€Å"Consider the unique nature of the construction process. 2. Even when problems turn into disputes, litigation should not be the method used to resolve them. 3. If participants commit in advance to use dispute resolution techniques when problems arise, they create an atmosphere conducive to solving problems. 4. Many problem-prevention and litigation-avoidance approaches exist; these techniques are most effective when applied early in the project. The best practices for designing dispute resolution systems include flexibility, early intervention, exhaustion of collaborative options before resorting to adjudicatory methods, and controlled escalation of the dispute by using different ADR methods in a logical progression. IV. A Flexible Framework for the Prevention and Resolution of Construction Disputes Due to the number of individuals, organizations, and is sues involved in a modern 1 construction project, problems are inevitable. The desires (and/or pressure) to finish the project and a lack of resources for identifying the root cause of the problem contribute to the danger of delaying the intervention necessary to 6 resolve disputes. Timely intervention can also prevent reoccurrences of the same problem later in the construction process. Too often, contractors submit an all-inclusive claim at the end of the project, frequently fostering an adversarial atmosphere that threatens potential collaboration between the parties on future projects. A more effective approach is to ddress the issues quickly, while they are manageable, determine the root causes, and correct them. In addition to the issue of when to address disputes, there is the matter of how best to address them. Disputes vary in nature, and different disputes are more efficiently resolved through different methods. In the vast majority of construction disputes, some form of ADR is the most appropriate option. There are rare cases in which litigation i s the most appropriate course – those in which a determination on a legal principle is required, or the establishment of a legal precedent is sought. Even within the realm of ADR alternatives, a â€Å"one size fits all† approach cannot produce optimal results due to the varying characteristics of the disputes and of the ADR methods. (Groton 1997, Hinchey and Schor 2002). The question is then, â€Å"When is the best time to specify the ADR approach to be used for a particular dispute? † The 1990 ABA forum concluded that mediations tended to be more successful when parties agreed to mediate after the dispute developed, as opposed to simply enforce as a matter of the contract (Hinchey 1990). Considering these facts together, the proposed solution is to contractually specify a framework for dispute resolution that combines early intervention with flexibility in the selection of ADR methods, rather than specifying a particular method to be applied to all disputes. The proposed system concentrates 7 heavily on proven techniques to prevent and collaboratively resolve disputes, and includes the ability to tailor the resolution process specifically based on the characteristics of each dispute. A convenor – a neutral third-party expert advisor – assists the project team in implementing the system, and provides continuity throughout the duration of the project. 1. 2 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY According to Robert (2010), Until early 1990s, the dispute resolution landscape in Nigeria was dominated by the adversarial, daggers drawn mechanisms of litigation and arbitration, and counsel deployed these vigorously on behalf of their client. However towards the end of last decade, the Federal Government of Nigeria opened its borders to nternational investors, particularly in the infrastructural development sector, leading to serious changes in the business landscape and in the dispute resolution. There are now many independent power projects (IPP) and concession agreements and most, if not all, have some element of foreign participation. The need for efficient and expeditious resolution of disputes has adoption of international recognized dispute resolution mechanisms, w hether litigation, arbitration or some other form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The adventof corporate entities investing in Nigeria, bringing with them their corporate culture including their preferred method of dispute resolution, has also contributed to advance of ADR (Marcellina and Okehia 1996). Tjosvold (1992): The idea that dispute is destructive and causes misery is so self-evident that it is seldom debated. Employees fight about many issues, but the wisdom of avoiding dispute is too often not one of them. However , it is the failure to use dispute 8 that causes the distress and low productivity, associated with escalating dispute. Dispute avoidance and the failure to develop an organization equipped to manage it, not dispute itself. Open, skilful discussion is needed to turn differences into synergistic gain rather than squabbling losses. Mark Appel (2000) stated that construction disputes, when not resolved in a timely manner, become very expensive – in terms of finances, personnel, time, and opportunity costs. The visible expenses (e. g. , attorneys, expert witnesses, the dispute resolution process itself) alone are significant. The less visible costs (e. g. , company resources assigned to the dispute, lost business opportunities) and the intangible costs (e. . , damage to business relationships, potential value lost due to inefficient dispute resolution) are also considerable, although difficult or impossible to quantify. 1. 3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Dispute resolution is a very important task in construction because huge sums are invested in projects and stakeholders are eager to resolve disputes before they bring their projects to a halt and bankrupt them. At the project level, unresolved disputes can lead to programme delay, increased tension, and can damage long term business relationships as a result. Hence, the mportance of dispute resolution cannot be over- emphasized, and selecting the most appropriate resolution strategy is equally important (Cheung and Suen, 2002). It is for this reason that the industry has managed to develop and adopt many unique ways of dispute resolution (Groton, 1997; Harmon, 2003; Gebken and Gibson, 2006) and has thus become a paradoxical leader in both dispute generation and resolution (Gibbons, 2007). Because disputes arise from so many 9 different sources and are so complex, there is no single one size fits all technique for resolving them. Also, according to Groton (1997), the spiral of conflict, which can cause a simple problem to develop into a difference of opinion, then a disagreement, and ultimately a dispute, makes it impossible to use a single dispute resolution technique to deal with all successive stages in the development of a dispute. Dispute resolution methods range from the traditional techniques of litigation and arbitration to alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods including mediation, adjudication, conciliation, negotiation, dispute resolution board, mini-trial, and dispute resolution adviser. Figure 1 shows a continuum of dispute resolution methods with the degree of control of the outcomes by the stakeholders compared to both the cost of resolution and the extent of hostilities resulting from their use. The fundamentals of the use of these methods and their combinations and hybrids, including their relative merits and demerits have been extensively discussed by various authors, including Brooker and Lavers (1997), Cheung and Suen (2002), Harmon (2003), Chan et al. , (2006), Teo and Aibinu (2007) and Elis and Baiden (2008) 1. 4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1. 4. 1 Aim This research is aimed at dispute resolution method in the Nigeria construction industry for the benefit of all professional and participant who desire comprehensive information on appropriate method of resolving dispute. 1. 4. 2 Objectives i To articulate the concept of dispute in construction industry. 10 ii To explore the origin, Nature and process of litigation, arbitration and other ADR iii To identify the method predominantly used for dispute resolution iv To distinguish between Adversarial and on adversarial methods of dispute resolution mechanisms available . 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will be pursued through extensive review of literature from text books, journals, magazines and other documents relevant to the research. Also a well structured questionnaire will be administered to a sample of the population for the study. The population will include all professional in the construction industry, i. e. Architects, Builders, Engineers, Quantity surveyors who manage co nstruction project at a senior cadre level in all categories of construction firms duly registered with corporate affairs commission in Nigeria. . 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION The concept of dispute is extensive, but this research work intends to cover only resolution method in construction industry, using Federal capital territory Abuja, Kaduna and Lagos as area from which sample will be collected, considering that a lot of construction activities and companies are concentrated there. 11 References 1 Adams, O. (1997), ‘Contractor development in Nigeria: perceptions of contractors and professionals’, Construction Management Economics, 15(1), pp 95-108 2 Aibinu, A. A. nd Odeyinka, H. A. (2006), ‘Construction delays and their causative factors in Nigeria’, Journal of Construction Engineering Management. 132(7), pp 667-677 3 Aniekwu, A. (1995), ‘The business environment of the construction industry in Nigeria’, Construction Management Economics, 13(6) , pp 445-455 4 Bristow, D. and Vasilopoulos, R. (1995), ‘The new CCDC2: facilitating dispute resolution of construction projects’, Construction Law Journal, 11(2), pp 95-117 5 Brooker, P. 1999), Survey of construction lawyers attitudes and practice in the use of ADR in contractors disputes, Construction Management and Economics, 17(6), pp757-765 6 Chan, E. H. W. (1997), Amicable dispute resolution in the Peoples Republic of China and its implications for foreign-related construction disputes, Construction Management and Economics, 15(6), pp 539-548 7 Chan, E. H. W. , Suen, H. C. H. and Chan, C. K. L. (2006), ‘MAUT-based dispute resolution selection model prototype for international construction projects’ Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(5), pp 444–451. Cheung, S. O. and Yiu, K. T. W. (2007), ‘A study of construction mediator tactics - Part I: taxonomies of dispute sources, mediator tactics and mediation outcomes’, Building and Environment, 42(2), 752-761 9 a (DBIA 1998a) Design-Build Institute of America. 1998. Standard Form of Preliminary Agreement Between Owner and Design-Builder, Document No. 520, First Edition, Design-Build Institute of America, Washington, DC. 9b (DBIA 1998b) Design-Build Institute of America. 1998. Standard Form of General Conditions Between Owner and Design-Builder, Document No. 35, First Edition, Design-Build Institute of America, Washington, DC. 12 10 Elis, F. and Baiden, B. K. (2008), A conceptual model for conflict management in construction firms, in Jin, X. and Doloi, H. (Eds), Proceedings of Construction 11 Funmi Roberts F. (2010),† Cultureal Nuances in Mediating Commercial Disputes in Nigeria† in ARBITRATION, the International Jirnal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management. (Sweet and Maxwell) Vol. 76 No. 3, August Edition. 12 Gebken, R. J. and Gibson, G. E. 2006), ‘Quantification of costs for dispute resolution procedures in the cons truction industry’, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 132(3), pp 264-271 13 Gibbons, E. N. (2007), Effects of Litigation in the Construction Industry: stratification and Insolubility, in Proceedings of the Construction and Building Research Conference of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (COBRA 2007), RICS, Atlanta, 6-7 September 2007, rics. org/NR/rdonlyres/BF249E01-4710-49CE-B6DF- 2306264311C7/0/Cob2007Gibbons. df , viewed 01/05/2009 14 Groton, J. P. (1997), ‘Alternative dispute resolution in the construction industry’, 15 Hinchey, J. and L. Schor. 2002. â€Å"The Quest for the Right Questions In the Construction Industry. † Dispute Resolution Journal, August/October, 10-20. 16 Marcellina H. and Okehia O. (1996), Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Nigeria (Trenton, NJ: African World Press Inc) pg. 6. 17 Pena-Mora, F. , C. E. Sosa, and D. S. McCone. 2003. Introduction to Construction Dispute Resolution. Prenti ce Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 8 RICS COBRA Research Conference, University of Cape Town, 10-11th September 2009. Oladapo and Onabanjo, pp 7-22 19 Slaikeu, K. A. and R. H. Hasson. 1998. Controlling the Costs of Conflict: How to Design a System for Your Organization. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco. 21 Teo, A. I. L. and Aibinu, A. A. (2007), ‘Legal framework for alternative dispute resolution: examination of the Singapore national legal system for arbitration’, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 133(2), pp 148–157 13