The Negative Impact on a Womans Self Esteem - 816 Words

Fatema Mernissi, â€Å"Size 6: The Western Womans Harem,† (274) explains how American Society can put a negative impact on a womans self esteem because of their harsh expectations. She puts the blame on the American mans requirements that a woman be a size four or six to be considered desirable. Our society is obsessed with the thought of being thin. The media puts out a harsh influence on how our young girls are suppose to look and act. These kind of expectations cause eating disorders and very low self esteem problems that could result in suicide. Could it be our expectations of a womans body image to be skinny is just as cruel as the veiling laws in Eastern women. In America we dont define our beauty anymore. Its the media that defines what beauty is and this influences our young women on how they view themselves. We tell each other that beauty is only skin deep. But if this was true then why does the media feel its necessary to airbrush all the imperfections that makes tha t person who they are. Even though the media defines beauty by women being a size smaller than a six the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2001-2010 table represents the average woman is approximately â€Å"53 and weighs in at 166.2 lbs with a waist of 37.5 inches which is about a size 12-14,† (CDC). â€Å"And tell the believing women to reduce some of their vision and guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except that which necessarily appears thereof and to wrap a portion ofShow MoreRelatedImage Of Women And Body Image By Nasa Begum1274 Words   |  6 PagesIn Western culture, a woman’s body has always been closely examined, as there is the ideology that a woman’s beauty and worthiness is rooted from her physical appearance. Therefore, societal ideas of what is acceptable for a woman’s body are thrown around in discussion, often perpetuating the idea that a woman’s body should be slim, have a small waist, big breasts, wide hips, and clear skin. What comes across very blatant with these ideas is that ultimately, the acceptable body for a woman is anRead MoreThe Causes And Effect Of Breast Cancer1525 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatly affected by this illness is women suffering from breast cancer. Breast cancer can take a huge toll on a woman’s physical health, as well as emotional and mental health. Many women have trouble adjusting to chemotherapy, hospitals, the impact on family relationships, and the fact that they are faced with possible death. These factors can cause depression, anxiety, loss of self-esteem, and physical pain. Luckily, there are resources for women going through breast cancer to regain happiness andRead MoreBeauty Is Not Pain?1704 Words   |  7 Pagesappearance of more â€Å"perfect† looking celebrities in the media, the self-esteem of many women spiral down, especially in Asia. Beauty standards in South Korea are now being define by many K-Pop idols. â€Å"In Seoul, 1 of every 5 women ages 19 to 49 has had some type of plastic surgery, according to a 2009 survey by Trend Monitor† (Chow, NPR). With the media exposing the image of â€Å"perfection† in K-Pop celebrities’ Korean woman’s negative perception of them selves and their bodies goes down leading them toRead MoreSocial Media s Effect On A Young Woman s Body Image1298 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media’s Effect on a Young Woman’s Body Image Social media has become a pastime that consumes hours and hours of so many lives today. Most all women have been impacted in some kind of way by Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram and Twitter because they are using it on a daily basis. Some of these women do not even realize how much they have been negatively impacted by using social media. People see information posted that they would not have known if it were not for social media. SometimesRead MoreMedia Is The Blame For Eating Disorders844 Words   |  4 Pagesto get the â€Å"perfect† body makes women turn to eating disorders to obtain that look iii. Woman with low self-esteem turn to eating disorders to boost there confidence 2. Body a. Main Point: How models and celebrities in the media have gotten smaller overtime i. In the 1950s, photo editing was insignificant, only glorifying a woman’s natural body, such as Marilyn Monroe. 1. Now, glorifying a woman’s natural body is less seen in the media and the focus for the â€Å"perfect† body is prevalent. ii. From theRead MoreA Daughter Of Eve Christina Rossetti Analysis1187 Words   |  5 Pagesin reflecting on and criticizing society’s negative emotions towards a loss of innocence in women. The poem begins with the speaker resenting her decision to â€Å"snap [her] lily† (5) too soon. The word ‘snap’ and it’s association with violence paired with a connotatively bright and natural lily then creates imagery of the spoiling of a once pure thing. The poet uses this imagery to mirror the speakers own negative emotion towards her newly ‘impure’ self. Following this stanza, the reader is presentedRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On The Media1466 Words   |  6 PagesIn every woman’s life, the media holds a strong influence on how she views herself. Whether it be a celebrity’s secret anti-aging cream, at-home workout plan, or new clothing line, women look towards the media to impact their decisions on their appearance. Although positive effects can come from letting advertisements guide one’s judgement, sometimes false advertisements can have a negative impact on how a woman perceives herself. People in charge of commercials, magazines, and other ads distortRead MoreWhy I Want For The People Who Will Influence My Identity Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesmatter of fooling others so much as fooling one’s self† (Pierce 449). Generally, people display themselves as the person they would want to be, therefore, they begin to believe they are this person, and their acts of self-expression become inauthentic. Expression of One’s Identity However, personhood is very different from self-expression, â€Å"one is about who one is and the other has to do with the representation of who one is† (Tshivhase 376). Self-expression can be done in a variety of differentRead MoreSocial Media Allows People To Share Pictures And Ideas1057 Words   |  5 Pagestheir appearance and compare themselves to others. Women during this time period that are so heavily impacted by the media can link their self-worth to their looks. I used scholarly articles all relating to how social media affects body image to decide what my view point was. After research, we can conclude that social media has a negative effect on a woman’s body image. The media consumption can lead to dissatisfaction and even have a correlation with eating disorders. â€Å"Social Media effects onRead MoreMedia s Effect On Self Esteem1731 Words   |  7 Pagesvisual stream of models and celebrities with perfect faces and bodies cannot be very good for one’s self-esteem. For some time now, there has been an ongoing debate on whether media has an effect on self-esteem and if so, whether its effect is positive or negative. Consequently, in this report I will discuss and analyze several studies which address the topic of media and its impact on self-esteem. Since the early twentieth century, Americans have adopted an obsession with the â€Å"thin ideal† - the

Conditions for Using a Binomial Distribution

Binomial probability distributions are useful in a number of settings. It is important to know when this type of distribution should be used. We will examine all of the conditions that are necessary in order to use a binomial distribution. The basic features that we must have are for a total of n independent trials are conducted and we want to find out the probability of r successes, where each success has probability p of occurring. There are several things stated and implied in this brief description. The definition boils down to these four conditions: Fixed number of trialsIndependent trialsTwo different classificationsThe probability of success stays the same for all trials All of these must be present in the process under investigation in order to use the binomial probability formula or tables. A brief description of each of these follows. Fixed Trials The process being investigated must have a clearly defined number of trials that do not vary. We cannot alter this number midway through our analysis. Each trial must be performed the same way as all of the others, although the outcomes may vary. The number of trials is indicated by an n in the formula. An example of having fixed trials for a process would involve studying the outcomes from rolling a die ten times.  Here each roll of the die is a trial. The total number of times that each trial is conducted is defined from the outset. Independent Trials Each of the trials has to be independent. Each trial should have absolutely no effect on any of the others. The classical examples of rolling two dice or flipping several coins illustrate independent events. Since the events are independent we are able to use the multiplication rule to multiply the probabilities together. In practice, especially due to some sampling techniques, there can be times when trials are not technically independent. A binomial distribution can sometimes be used in these situations as long as the population is larger relative to the sample. Two Classifications Each of the trials is grouped into two classifications: successes and failures. Although we typically think of success as a positive thing, we should not read too much into this term. We are indicating that the trial is a success in that it lines up with what we have determined to call a success. As an extreme case to illustrate this, suppose we are testing the failure rate of light bulbs. If we want to know how many in a batch will not work, we could define success for our trial to be when we have a light bulb that fails to work. A failure of the trial is when the light bulb works. This may sound a bit backward, but there may be some good reasons for defining the successes and failures of our trial as we have done. It may be preferable, for marking purposes,  to stress that there is a low probability of a light bulb not working rather than a high probability of a light bulb working. Same Probabilities The probabilities of successful trials must remain the same throughout the process we are studying. Flipping coins is one example of this. No matter how many coins are tossed, the probability of flipping a head is 1/2 each time. This is another place where theory and practice are slightly different. Sampling without replacement can cause the probabilities from each trial to fluctuate slightly from each other. Suppose there are 20 beagles out of 1000 dogs. The probability of choosing a beagle at random is 20/1000 0.020. Now choose again from the remaining dogs. There are 19 beagles out of 999 dogs. The probability of selecting another beagle is 19/999 0.019. The value 0.2 is an appropriate estimate for both of these trials. As long as the population is large enough, this sort of estimation does not pose a problem with using the binomial distribution.

Beowulf Is A Classic Story Of A Hero - 1485 Words

Beowulf is a classic story of a hero. His immense strength allows him to complete impossible deeds, and his honorable personality and strong moral compass means he is focused on helping people, not on winning glory. Beowulf’s strength as a hero beyond physical strength is exemplified by his extreme stubbornness and persistence when faced with a difficult challenge. His battles follow the arc of his character development, from a minor hero to a powerful and loved king with his conquests being so important in the warrior-culture which he lived in. The first foe he faces is the demonic monster known as Grendel. Beowulf travels from his homeland with 30 men because he feels as though he owes the Danish people a great debt, because they assisted his father in a war in the past. Grendel, a descendent of Cain from the Bible was his first test in the epic. The beast was famed as having the strength to take on 30 men at once, and killed 30 men a night for twelve years in Denmark to dem onstrate his strength. Beowulf’s strength is famed to be 30 men per arm, and having two arms as most people do, he has the strength of 60 men in his arms alone. Beowulf’s preparation for the battle involves removing all of his armor and weapons, and moving his soldiers to the side. He believes so strongly that he can defeat Grendel barehanded that he completely ignores all the equipment he brought with him for that specific battle. This shows either that Beowulf is very arrogant, or the he isShow MoreRelatedBeowulf - Profile of an Epic Hero Essay617 Words   |  3 PagesEpic Beowulf A hero, in the traditional sense of the word, is generally a protagonist in a story whose overwhelming power is the only which can defeat the evil of the day. In a classic example of this comes Beowulf, a novel adaptation of the epic Anglo-Saxon poem by Robert Nye. The main character and namesake of the story is Beowulf, an adventurous young hero. When he hears the tales of the monster Grendel that terrorizes the Danish kingdom, he immediately has the urge to lend his assistanceRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero711 Words   |  3 Pageswhole earth is the tomb of heroic men and their story is not given only on stone over their clay but abides everywhere without visible symbol woven into the stuff of other men’s lives,† said Perculus (PR). You’re born, you live a little, and then you die. There is no simpler way to sum up life. Often times this is done through oral tales, paintings, and various other ways. For those whose lives were truly something great , something memorable, their stories are transcripted into writings. Whether theseRead MoreAn Analysis of Beowulf1608 Words   |  6 PagesThe Old English epic Beowulf is built around the archetype of the journeying hero. Beowulf exemplifies a classical hero, one who is not immune from hubris, but who channels his strong will into judicious endeavors. Thus, Beowulf dies with the honor and glory befitting a king. His story is one of distinct binaries between good and evil. On the side opposite to Beowulfs goodness is the gruesome Grendel. Grendel is a monster, and the original epic poem does nothing to introduce moral ambiguity thatRead MoreEssay about John Miltons Paradise Lost as Christian Epic1147 Words   |  5 Pages from Genesis, which was a very popular story to discuss and retell at the time. His whole life had led up to the completion of this greatest work; he put over twenty years of time and almost as many years of study and travel to build a timeless classic. The succe ss of his poem lies in the fact that he skillfully combined classic epic tradition with strongly held Puritan Christian beliefs. In Paradise Lost, Milton uses many conventions of the classic epic, including an invocation of the MuseRead MoreEssay on Good and Evil in Beowulf1042 Words   |  5 PagesThe story of Beowulf was probably composed in England sometime in the Eighth Century AD, and written down circa 1000 AD, by a literate scop (bard) or perhaps a Christian scribe who was possibly educated in a monastery. The poem was created in oral tradition and was transferred to writing over time. It had its roots in folk tales and traditional stories until some very talented poet put it in something very near to its current form. The poem was more than likely performed for audiences at courtRead MoreCharacteristics Of Satan In Paradise Lost1029 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Milton’s Paradise Lost is a classic epic poem that describes the fall of Satan and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. Throughout the poem, Milton portrays Satan in a way that makes him tragically attractive to humans. Satan app ears to be the protagonist of Paradise Lost and has several traits in which readers can identify with. Not only is Satan a tragic hero in the literature, but also he is also the main character in the plot and portrays many flawed human qualities. Because SatanRead MoreAnalysis Of Grendel And The Novel The Land Of Stories 1051 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the lens created by the anglo-saxon society is removed the main antagonist in the classic Beowulf, Grendel, is revealed to be a tortured beast who is targeted by a religion crazed society. As stated by Chris Colfer in his novel The Land of Stories: The Wishing Spell â€Å"A villain is just a victim whose story hasn’t been told,† yet for many this lesson falls on deaf ears (9). For many Grendel is a thing of nightmares, a beast straight from hell that no villain can match. But when the society thatRead MoreBeowulf, An Anglo Saxon Epic Poem1316 Words   |  6 PagesBeowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, contains several rh etorical strategies. The poem follows the life of a noble warrior named Beowulf while he quests to live up to his father’s name. In the poem, Beowulf overcame many obstacles primarily those of which involved battling supernatural creatures. Epic poems were generally written during the Anglo-Saxon era. They are commonly written in an elevated style in order to glorify the deeds of a legendary hero or god. Literary works during the Anglo-Saxon eraRead MoreTheme Of Paganism In Beowulf1179 Words   |  5 Pageslongest epic poem ever written in the genre of Old English is â€Å"Beowulf†, it has been composed in the native language as spoken during the Anglo-Saxon reign in England, preceding the Norman Conquest. Beowulf is regarded as a classic tale which relates the defeat of evil and triumph of good. The poem is divided into three acts. Christian and Pagan Influences in Beowulf: The Pagan deities, rituals as well as pagan ideas influenced Beowulf, when it was being created, though the passing down of the epicRead MoreBeowulf Archetypal Hero1431 Words   |  6 Pages2 11/12/12 Beowulf: The Man, the Legend, the Hero Beowulf is an epic poem whose earliest surviving copy was written in 1000 A.D. The story consists of three thousand one hundred and eighty two lines that follow the life of the title character. The original author of the epic poem is unknown mainly because it started as a verbal tale passed down orally through the ages. Finally someone wrote it down in a document now called the Nowell Codex. The epic tale is centered on Beowulf and his actions

Acute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process

Question: Discuss about theAcute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process. Answer: The concept of this essay relates to the history of "Mr. X" who had suffered the acute respiratory failure. The essay begins with the discussion of Mr. X condition with relevant to his history of signs and symptoms and the result's assessment. It will also incorporate the general pathophysiology process of acute respiratory disease in relation to Mr. X's health conditions. The essay will define the respiratory disease and also the major causes of the infection will also discuss on the relationship between clinical condition assessment findings and Mr. X symptoms with pathophysiology occurring, Patients symptoms and typical assessment findings being analyzed. The conclusion will be based on the significance themes being discussed. A 65-year-old man who will be known as Mr. X to protect his identity is admitted to the hospital due to acute respiratory failure. Some of the symptoms that Mr. X had when he was admitted to the hospital include; tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, cyanosis, tachycardia and bilateral fine respiratory crackles. He had a history of increased dyspnea and past injuries. The patient also had difficulties in breathing, restless, anxious, racing heartbeat, the skin started turning bluish, unconsciousness and profuse sweating (Frat et al, 2015). Acute respiratory distress becomes severe when the damage reaches the alveoli and the conditions turn to be the acute respiratory failure (Combes et al 2014). The patient has difficulties in oxygen supply to the blood system. This causes the pulmonary system to be unable to meet the metabolic requirements of the body. Mr. X's most risky condition was inadequate to supply of oxygen through his airways. He was then transferred to the intensive care uni t. He was placed in the pulse oximetry and the oxygen saturation maintained to above 90%. This was to ventilate his alveolar where the oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the blood capillaries. The urgent resuscitation was to improve the patients' health condition as much as possible and to prevent further life-threatening conditions. As a new nurse had little experience in dealing with the patient in such a critical condition. My prioritization was to learn more experience and research on the based practice so as to be able to apply the knowledge in the future in case of an encounter with a patient in such a situation, as I was guided by senior nurses in the intensive care unit ward (Schnell et al 2014). Some patients with injuries in the pulmonary shunt may contract hypoxemic respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure has been known to be caused by several factors that lead to the obstruction and interference with the breathing pathways and the organs involved. Injuries impair the respiratory systems and adversely affects the oxygen flow in the blood. For example, if there is an injury to the spinal cord the breathing process is affected. This is because the brain commands the brain to breathe. Thus, if the information transfer from the brain to the lungs is altered with due to injury, the lungs fail to function properly. According to the diagnosis carried out in the lab showed that risky behaviors of Mr. X lead to his infection. During diagnosis, the doctor asked the patient questions about his life. Mr. X had engaged in unethical behaviors drug and substance abuse. He used to take excessive alcohol, smoking and inhalation of toxic drugs and this lead to his acute respiratory problems (Moreau et al2013). Mr. X also had a lot of internal injuries on his chest and ribs and this interfered with the breathing process. The pathophysiology of Mr. X health was influenced by overdrinking and over smoking of toxic inhalation substances, this leads to improper brain functioning. Toxic chemicals interfered and damaged the tissues, air sacs and capillaries of Mr. X breathing system. Diagnosis showed that Mr. X had started developing cancer of the lungs due to excessive use of alcohol. The doctor checked the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration levels using a pulse oximetry and also tested the arterial blood gas (Konstantinides et al, 2014). Exposure to some irritating gases affects the airways by causing bronchitis, bronchiolitis and tracheitis. Other inhaled agents like carbon monoxide and cyanide if inhaled directly results to harm by displacing oxygen and causing asphyxia. Hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ozone, ammonia and phosgene are among the irritating gases. Hydrogen sulphide blocks the cytochrome system inhibiting the cellular respiration. Water-soluble gases affect the upper airways and cause the mucous membrane irritation. These gases due to their irritation action alert people in the surrounding making them escape. Less soluble gases are unable to dissolve in liquid but are very risky when they reach the lower airways. Injuries caused by smoke inhalation result in lung damage which is the main respiratory organ. Risky behaviors of Mr. X like excessive use of alcohol is characterized as the main cause of cancer or in the lungs. The test result findings of Mr. X showed that over drinking of alcohol had begun to develop a significance acute hypoxemia spread to pulmonary infiltrates in the absence of cardiac failure but it developed into acute lung injury. There was disruption of endothelium- capillary interphase. (Gurin et al, 2013). During the sensitive phase of acute lung injury, there is the increase in the permeability of the capillary- endothelium barrier which leads to the leakage of protein-rich fluids outside the capillaries. The type 1 pneumocytes cells of the alveolar epithelium are much damaged when the acute lung injury occurs. This results in the creation of the open interface between the blood and the lungs and it facilitates the diffuse of microorganisms from the leading to systemic inflammatory response. The lung injury also causes difficulties the for the lungs to expel fluid through the capillaries out of the airspaces. The microvascular thrombosis, fluid-filled air spaces, disorganized repair and loss of surfactant lead to decrease compliance, increase in ventilation- permeation mismatch, right to left pathway breathing system. The lymphatic drainage of Mr. X was curtailed by the acute injury. This contributed to the increase of extravascular fluid. The inflammation and obstruction o alveolar c ells lead to fibroblast proliferation, tracheal remodeling, hyaline membrane structure formation and fibrosis of the lung. Extensive susceptibility of Mr. X condition to microvascular thrombosis would lead to myocardial dysfunction, systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Mr. X had a compromised pulmonary system which was as a result of thermal injury and inhalation injury that facilitated to microvascular permeability and this lead to pulmonary oedema and increased lung lymph flow. There are several cases of patients who have been exposed to some harmful agents like mercury, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide. After around ten days they are likely to develop complications in the respiratory system known as bronchiolitis obliterans. These acute respiratory complications make the granulation tissue to accumulate at the ends of airways and alveolar pathways during respiratory process. Few of such patients develop the pulmonary fibrosis afterwards (Schmidt et al 2014). According to Mr. X's health condition, the doctor instructed he uses a ventilator support. The doctor also prescribed the analgesic medication, humidification and oxygen supply for faster improvement. Due to his difficulties in breathing at his own, the doctor inserted a tube through the nose or the mouth and connected it to the ventilator to enable the patient to breathe easily. For the patients who require the prolonged ventilator, through their windpipe an artificial airway called tracheostomy is created. The mechanical ventilator used in the case Mr. X is the most appropriate therapeutic means for acute respiratory failure (Curley et al 2015). The aim of the mechanical was to keep the PaO2 greater at 60 mmHg (8.0 kDa) without injuring the lungs through forcing of excess oxygen (Lemiale et al 2015). The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the most preferred to the patient are under mechanical ventilation therapeutic mainstay. To the patient who is able to breathe at their o wn, it was my role as nurse to supply them with portable oxygen tanks for helping them with easier breathing (Creed Spiers 2010). After two to three weeks Mr. X started showing some improvement. The doctor advised him more on the importance of avoiding alcohol for his better future. He was then referred to a counsellor where he was taught about the cause of his condition, hoe to avoid further complication to his health and how to improve on his healing. This included for Mr. X engagement on therapeutic exercises. Acute respiratory failure if not treated for a long time may lead to permanent damage to lungs or develops to lung cancer. Highly corrosive chemicals cause a very significant damage to the airway lining and also to the lungs. This requires immediate medical interventions. Some of the antibiotic administered to the patient are corticosteroids and bronchodilators for the treatment of bronchospasm. There are cheap positive pressure devices that are used in mass casualty conditions and some drugs for prevention of inflammatory and pulmonary oedema (Naeije et al 2013). Some drugs that have been recommended and are profitable in the treatment of pulmonary oedema caused by exposure to corrosive chemicals are; dopamine, allopurinol, beta- agonists, insulin and ibuprofen. The beta- agonists which are used to treat asthma has been found effective in reducing the pulmonary oedema condition (Sorbo et al, 2014). The drug called sevoflurane is an anaesthetic agent used as a bronchodilator and it lowers pressure in the airways and improves the oxygen flow through the capillaries. Some of the drugs are administered to t arget specific injury sites and for the specific inflammatory response. There are other drugs that help in regulating and improvement of the activities of the ion in the blood channels to control fluid movement across the lung membranes. (Walkey Wiener 2013). They also target the surfactant. The mechanic information concerning biochemistry, physiology, and toxicology are important in determining the new therapy methods and development of new diagnostic methods. Acute respiration failure has been the most common infection that led to many cases of people who have been admitted to the intensive care unit. The lung is the most affected organ in the patient's body. The lung is an elastic organ whose inflation results from the partial pressure of the gases inhaled and the diffusion gradient of these gases as they cross the alveolar- capillary membrane. During breathing it's the lung that plays a passive role with the help of the muscular effort for ventilation. At normal breathing, exhalation is completely passive but when one is exercising in forced expirat ion, the muscles involved becomes active. As the process of respiration involves the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), the lungs must overcome its elastic components for it to inflate. With high compliance and the absence of elastic tissue and alveolar, the lungs are able to inflate easily. Insufficient lung ventilation results in a hypercapnic respiratory failure. It occurs when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange fail. Some of the conditions that cause acute respiratory failure includes; primary respiration infection, drug overdose and exacerbation of cardiac disease. There are several medical indicators of acute respiratory failure. These indicators include; PH below 7.35 versus partial pressure carbon dioxide in the arteries (paco2) above 50mm Hg, partial pressure oxygen in the arteries (pao2) below 60mm Hg and arterial oxygen supply as measured by oximetry (spo2) below 91% in the room air and paco2 increase of 10mm Hg from below in patients with chronic lung cancer. The basic nursing care for the treatment of acute respiratory failure is by supporting the patient with devices for supplemental oxygen through mechanical ventilation and monitoring oxygen saturation (Morton et al 2017. For the tremendous effect on improving the patient's efficiency of recovery. It's the role of the nurse to check on changes in the respiratory status of the patients (Aitken et al 2015). Assessment of the patient tissue oxygen status frequently. Evaluation and indication of result end-organ perfusion and noting the signal of coronary artery perfusion. (Bellani et al 2016). References Aitken, L., Chaboyer, W. and Marshall, A., 2015. Scope of critical care practice. ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing-E-Book, p.1. Authors/Task Force Members, Konstantinides, S.V., Torbicki, A., Agnelli, G., Danchin, N., Fitzmaurice, D., Gali, N., Gibbs, J.S.R., Huisman, M.V., Humbert, M. and Kucher, N., 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European heart journal, 35(43), pp.3033-3073. Bellani, G., Laffey, J.G., Pham, T., Fan, E., Brochard, L., Esteban, A., Gattinoni, L., Van Haren, F., Larsson, A., McAuley, D.F. and Ranieri, M., 2016. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. Jama, 315(8), pp.788-8. Creed, F. and Spiers, C. eds., 2010. Care of the acutely ill adult: an essential guide for nurses. OUP Oxford. Combes, A., Brodie, D., Bartlett, R., Brochard, L., Brower, R., Conrad, S., De Backer, D., Fan, E., Ferguson, N., Fortenberry, J. and Fraser, J., 2014. Position paper for the organization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs for acute respiratory failure in adult patients. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 190(5), pp.488-496. Curley, M.A., Wypij, D., Watson, R.S., Grant, M.J.C., Asaro, L.A., Cheifetz, I.M., Dodson, B.L., Franck, L.S., Gedeit, R.G., Angus, D.C. and Matthay, M.A., 2015. Protocolized sedation vs usual care in pediatric patients mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 313(4), pp.379-389. Del Sorbo, L., Cypel, M. and Fan, E., 2014. Extracorporeal life support for adults with severe acute respiratory failure. The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 2(2), pp.154-164. Gurin, C., Reignier, J., Richard, J.C., Beuret, P., Gacouin, A., Boulain, T., Mercier, E., Badet, M., Mercat, A., Baudin, O. and Clavel, M., 2013. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(23), pp.2159-2168. Frat, J.P., Thille, A.W., Mercat, A., Girault, C., Ragot, S., Perbet, S., Prat, G., Boulain, T., Morawiec, E., Cottereau, A. and Devaquet, J., 2015. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(23), pp.2185-2196. Lemiale, V., Mokart, D., Resche-Rigon, M., Pne, F., Mayaux, J., Faucher, E., Nyunga, M., Girault, C., Perez, P., Guitton, C. and Ekpe, K., 2015. Effect of noninvasive ventilation vs oxygen therapy on mortality among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 314(16), pp.1711-1719. Moreau, R., Jalan, R., Gines, P., Pavesi, M., Angeli, P., Cordoba, J., Durand, F., Gustot, T., Saliba, F., Domenicali, M. and Gerbes, A., 2013. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 144(7), pp.1426-1437. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017. Critical care nursing: a holistic approach (p. 1056). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Naeije, R., Vachiery, J.L., Yerly, P. and Vanderpool, R., 2013. The transpulmonary pressure gradient for the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease. Walkey, A.J. and Wiener, R.S., 2013. Use of noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure, 20002009: a population-based study. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 10(1), pp.10-17. Schmidt, M., Bailey, M., Sheldrake, J., Hodgson, C., Aubron, C., Rycus, P.T., Scheinkestel, C., Cooper, D.J., Brodie, D., Pellegrino, V. and Combes. A., 2014 Predicting survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory failure. The Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction (RESP) score. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 189(11), pp.1374-1382. Schnell, D., Timsit, J.F., Darmon, M., Vesin, A., Goldgran-Toledano, D., Dumenil, A.S., Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Adrie, C., Bouadma, L., Planquette, B. and Cohen, Y., 2014. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure: trends in use and outcomes. Intensive care medicine, 40(4), pp.582-591.

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Question: Discuss about theSymbolic Interaction Theory. Answer: Introduction The symbolic interaction theory explains the means through which a society or a family ascribes sense to non-verbal communication, people, objects, and verbal communication. Fundamentally, the theory characterizes the perception of actions or objects as a means of communication (Estes Edmonds, 1981). The scope of the research, therefore, will be limited in outlining the background, basics of the theory, and significance of the symbolic interaction theory especially in understanding human communication as well as to give a reflection. In the communication process, the meaning given to symbols can be altered during the interpretive process which is intrinsically a part of the communication process within a given society. Therefore, symbolic interaction theory is fundamental in interpreting both nonverbal and verbal communication (Joel, 2009). The theory utilizes the ordinary means and symbols to pass or obtain a message. The primary symbols used by humans to intermingle include words, gestures, rules, and roles. Through the development of a complex set of symbols, humans interrelate in particular environments. The exceptional role of the symbolic interaction theory to society is to aid individuals to build the idea of self in the midst of social interrelations (Carpendale, 2014). Background of the Theory The symbolic interaction theory has developed out of contributions of two scholars George Herbert Mead and Heabert Blummer. Blummer is considered the father of the theory since he was the first to coin the word symbolic interactionism' and to organize Mead's concepts into a unified theory with a given methodological propositions for study (Aksan, AydÄÂ ±n Demirbuken, 2009). Carter Fuller (2016) recognizes symbolic interaction a progressive theory because it's the role of the social actors to ascribe meaning to objects around them. The significance of George Herbert Mead in the formulation of the theory can be derived from his conviction that mind and ego are a creation of the society. Herbert postulate that symbols build-up the mind and thus utilized as a mode of thinking and communication (Mead, 1934). Mead, therefore, focused on the way people relate daily by use of symbolic interaction and generated meaning and order. On the other hand, Blummer understands meaning' in two perspectives: Meaning is perceived as something being predicated to a phenomenon, object or event. It is also seen as the physical attachment' forced to an object or event by man. Blummer, therefore, considers meaning as a provision which results from interrelations of a given group of people rather than, an inherent characteristic of an object (Blummer, 1986). Consequently, the meaning of symbols results from interactions. Symbolic interaction theory thus recognizes meaning as the core of man activities. However, language grants meaning to human activities through the use of symbols. Hence, it is proper to conclude that symbols distinguish human social relations from any other form of communication. Man attributes meaning to a symbol which results to a language. As a result, symbols shape the foundations of communication (Tubbs, 2012). Fundamental Concept of the Social Interaction Theory The most basic building block of the theory is the analysis of human communication about a symbol or what Mead referred to as the significant symbol. A significant symbol, therefore, is defined as a verbal or any other type of a gesture that arouse a mutual response in the one using it and to whom it is intended (Becker McCall, 2009). Consequently the ability to utilize significant symbols makes human interaction possible by the meaning attached to the symbol. Human communication is thus perceived as engagement in symbolic interaction. In social interaction theory, human language is understood to be constituted by a set of conventional symbols which man can identify. However, Blummer proposes that they are three central principles of the theory which include Meaning, Language, and Thought (Bretherton, 2014). Meaning According to the principle, human behavior towards others and things is founded on the meaning, they have attached to them. For example, when a Muslim extremist think of a Christian there is an image that forms in his or her mind and his or her behavior towards the Christian will be based on that image (Blummer, 1986). Language Language is the principle that makes it possible for symbols and interaction to be understood by the mind and aids in the formulation of assumptions. In addition, the naming of things is vital in creating meaning to all things because everything is deemed to have a name. In human interaction people construct the meaning of words and gestures based on comprehension and perspective of the symbol (Blummer, 1986). For example, having dinner out may mean just going out and getting something to eat to some people while to others it may mean having a date. Thought Thought principle is understood to imply the interpretation that is attributed to a symbol. It refers to the mental a process that communicates regarding the names, symbol, and meaning and intrinsically linked to language. It is also constituted of mental activity such as imagination (Blummer, 1986). Significance of the Theory Denzin (2008) acknowledges that Social interaction theory is very helpful especially in understanding how miscommunication happens amid people. A given symbol either vocal or a gesture can have a different meaning in different contexts. Miscommunication, therefore, occurs when symbols are scrutinized outside their attached meaning. For example, there was a time President Richard Nixon gestured to a group of Australian with an intention to pass a message of peace and good will. Regrettably, the identical gesture that communicated peace' in the United States had an awfully vulgar connotation in the Australian community. A precise knowledge in symbolic interactionism is thus important in comprehending the various message interpretation depending on different meaning attached to words and symbols (Smith-Lovin Heise, 2016). In conclusion, social interaction theory is vital in creating a common understanding especially by employing of symbols. However, for it to be effective there must be mutual understanding resulting from the communication using the symbols. It is worth noting that communication by use of symbols is a process by which meaning is attributed and put across to generate a mutual understanding. It is also critical to point out that this process demands extensive repertoire of proficiency in intrapersonal and interpersonal especially in analyzing, listening, observing, and evaluating human communication. As a result, social interaction theory is practical, and its future is bright. Reflection Since infancy, we are taught how to express ourselves using both verbal and non-verbal communication. The theory, therefore, helps in understanding certain actions within the members of the same family. Members of the same family know which symbols and meaning are acceptable within the family. As a result of close interaction between the family members, it is easy to find out when one of the family members is stressed simply through the body language. As family members, we learn the non-verbal communication signaled by fellow family members when they are sad, happy, stressed or angry. Therefore, in a family set-up, some actions or symbols are attributed a given meaning which is shared by all the family members. In my family, for example, it is easy to know when my dad is angry and needs time alone. He expresses this need non-vocally by going outside to smoke his cigar. As family members, we know at that moment no one should go to him for a conversation until he is back to the house and has cooled down. Therefore for my dad, a cigar is symbolic of anger. Failure to understand my father this way could lead to conflict. For example, if we the family members and especially my mom have not learned the meaning of his action as needing time alone there could have occurred arguments and confrontations. My dad expects that our close interaction with him should aid us in recognizing the symbolism and therefore respect his need for time alone. The example of how my dad deals with anger is connected to the symbolic interaction theory. We the family members have attributed meaning to the action of my dad smoking and have learned to behave accordingly. The action is a means of expressing the need of time alone. Though some symbols are common to society, others make sense only to a group of people or to given situations. The understanding of given action or a symbol, therefore, determine the human behavior in a particular situation. Symbolic interactionism is thus vital in evaluating the meaning of human action within a society. From the example, it is clear that human is not a creation of the society but rather a creator of the society. They shape their behaviors and give meaning to their environment through conventional symbols and shared meaning. Hence, to understand the human behaviors the focus should be on human interaction. In my family to understand the behavior of the family members towards my dad's action one primarily need to comprehend the family interaction. Symbolic interaction theory is unique in that it emphasizes on the interpersonal relation and human thought rather than external factors that influence human behavior. It can be concluded that human interactions that create symbols and their meaning also generate social structures. The theory, therefore, aids individuals in formulating the concept of self-identity in the midst of social interactions. References Aksan, N., KÄÂ ±sac, B., AydÄÂ ±n, M., Demirbuken, S. (2009). Symbolic interaction theory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 902-904. Becker, H. S., McCall, M. M. (Eds.). (2009). Symbolic interaction and cultural studies. University of Chicago Press. Blummer, H. (1986). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. University of CaliforniaPress. Bretherton, I. (Ed.). (2014). Symbolic play: The development of social understanding. AcademicPress. Carter, M. J., Fuller, C. (2016). 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