Acute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process

Question: Discuss about theAcute Respiratory Failure Case Study for Pathophysiology Process. Answer: The concept of this essay relates to the history of "Mr. X" who had suffered the acute respiratory failure. The essay begins with the discussion of Mr. X condition with relevant to his history of signs and symptoms and the result's assessment. It will also incorporate the general pathophysiology process of acute respiratory disease in relation to Mr. X's health conditions. The essay will define the respiratory disease and also the major causes of the infection will also discuss on the relationship between clinical condition assessment findings and Mr. X symptoms with pathophysiology occurring, Patients symptoms and typical assessment findings being analyzed. The conclusion will be based on the significance themes being discussed. A 65-year-old man who will be known as Mr. X to protect his identity is admitted to the hospital due to acute respiratory failure. Some of the symptoms that Mr. X had when he was admitted to the hospital include; tachypnea, peripheral vasodilation, cyanosis, tachycardia and bilateral fine respiratory crackles. He had a history of increased dyspnea and past injuries. The patient also had difficulties in breathing, restless, anxious, racing heartbeat, the skin started turning bluish, unconsciousness and profuse sweating (Frat et al, 2015). Acute respiratory distress becomes severe when the damage reaches the alveoli and the conditions turn to be the acute respiratory failure (Combes et al 2014). The patient has difficulties in oxygen supply to the blood system. This causes the pulmonary system to be unable to meet the metabolic requirements of the body. Mr. X's most risky condition was inadequate to supply of oxygen through his airways. He was then transferred to the intensive care uni t. He was placed in the pulse oximetry and the oxygen saturation maintained to above 90%. This was to ventilate his alveolar where the oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the blood capillaries. The urgent resuscitation was to improve the patients' health condition as much as possible and to prevent further life-threatening conditions. As a new nurse had little experience in dealing with the patient in such a critical condition. My prioritization was to learn more experience and research on the based practice so as to be able to apply the knowledge in the future in case of an encounter with a patient in such a situation, as I was guided by senior nurses in the intensive care unit ward (Schnell et al 2014). Some patients with injuries in the pulmonary shunt may contract hypoxemic respiratory failure. Acute respiratory failure has been known to be caused by several factors that lead to the obstruction and interference with the breathing pathways and the organs involved. Injuries impair the respiratory systems and adversely affects the oxygen flow in the blood. For example, if there is an injury to the spinal cord the breathing process is affected. This is because the brain commands the brain to breathe. Thus, if the information transfer from the brain to the lungs is altered with due to injury, the lungs fail to function properly. According to the diagnosis carried out in the lab showed that risky behaviors of Mr. X lead to his infection. During diagnosis, the doctor asked the patient questions about his life. Mr. X had engaged in unethical behaviors drug and substance abuse. He used to take excessive alcohol, smoking and inhalation of toxic drugs and this lead to his acute respiratory problems (Moreau et al2013). Mr. X also had a lot of internal injuries on his chest and ribs and this interfered with the breathing process. The pathophysiology of Mr. X health was influenced by overdrinking and over smoking of toxic inhalation substances, this leads to improper brain functioning. Toxic chemicals interfered and damaged the tissues, air sacs and capillaries of Mr. X breathing system. Diagnosis showed that Mr. X had started developing cancer of the lungs due to excessive use of alcohol. The doctor checked the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration levels using a pulse oximetry and also tested the arterial blood gas (Konstantinides et al, 2014). Exposure to some irritating gases affects the airways by causing bronchitis, bronchiolitis and tracheitis. Other inhaled agents like carbon monoxide and cyanide if inhaled directly results to harm by displacing oxygen and causing asphyxia. Hydrogen sulphide, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, ozone, ammonia and phosgene are among the irritating gases. Hydrogen sulphide blocks the cytochrome system inhibiting the cellular respiration. Water-soluble gases affect the upper airways and cause the mucous membrane irritation. These gases due to their irritation action alert people in the surrounding making them escape. Less soluble gases are unable to dissolve in liquid but are very risky when they reach the lower airways. Injuries caused by smoke inhalation result in lung damage which is the main respiratory organ. Risky behaviors of Mr. X like excessive use of alcohol is characterized as the main cause of cancer or in the lungs. The test result findings of Mr. X showed that over drinking of alcohol had begun to develop a significance acute hypoxemia spread to pulmonary infiltrates in the absence of cardiac failure but it developed into acute lung injury. There was disruption of endothelium- capillary interphase. (Gurin et al, 2013). During the sensitive phase of acute lung injury, there is the increase in the permeability of the capillary- endothelium barrier which leads to the leakage of protein-rich fluids outside the capillaries. The type 1 pneumocytes cells of the alveolar epithelium are much damaged when the acute lung injury occurs. This results in the creation of the open interface between the blood and the lungs and it facilitates the diffuse of microorganisms from the leading to systemic inflammatory response. The lung injury also causes difficulties the for the lungs to expel fluid through the capillaries out of the airspaces. The microvascular thrombosis, fluid-filled air spaces, disorganized repair and loss of surfactant lead to decrease compliance, increase in ventilation- permeation mismatch, right to left pathway breathing system. The lymphatic drainage of Mr. X was curtailed by the acute injury. This contributed to the increase of extravascular fluid. The inflammation and obstruction o alveolar c ells lead to fibroblast proliferation, tracheal remodeling, hyaline membrane structure formation and fibrosis of the lung. Extensive susceptibility of Mr. X condition to microvascular thrombosis would lead to myocardial dysfunction, systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Mr. X had a compromised pulmonary system which was as a result of thermal injury and inhalation injury that facilitated to microvascular permeability and this lead to pulmonary oedema and increased lung lymph flow. There are several cases of patients who have been exposed to some harmful agents like mercury, nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide. After around ten days they are likely to develop complications in the respiratory system known as bronchiolitis obliterans. These acute respiratory complications make the granulation tissue to accumulate at the ends of airways and alveolar pathways during respiratory process. Few of such patients develop the pulmonary fibrosis afterwards (Schmidt et al 2014). According to Mr. X's health condition, the doctor instructed he uses a ventilator support. The doctor also prescribed the analgesic medication, humidification and oxygen supply for faster improvement. Due to his difficulties in breathing at his own, the doctor inserted a tube through the nose or the mouth and connected it to the ventilator to enable the patient to breathe easily. For the patients who require the prolonged ventilator, through their windpipe an artificial airway called tracheostomy is created. The mechanical ventilator used in the case Mr. X is the most appropriate therapeutic means for acute respiratory failure (Curley et al 2015). The aim of the mechanical was to keep the PaO2 greater at 60 mmHg (8.0 kDa) without injuring the lungs through forcing of excess oxygen (Lemiale et al 2015). The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is the most preferred to the patient are under mechanical ventilation therapeutic mainstay. To the patient who is able to breathe at their o wn, it was my role as nurse to supply them with portable oxygen tanks for helping them with easier breathing (Creed Spiers 2010). After two to three weeks Mr. X started showing some improvement. The doctor advised him more on the importance of avoiding alcohol for his better future. He was then referred to a counsellor where he was taught about the cause of his condition, hoe to avoid further complication to his health and how to improve on his healing. This included for Mr. X engagement on therapeutic exercises. Acute respiratory failure if not treated for a long time may lead to permanent damage to lungs or develops to lung cancer. Highly corrosive chemicals cause a very significant damage to the airway lining and also to the lungs. This requires immediate medical interventions. Some of the antibiotic administered to the patient are corticosteroids and bronchodilators for the treatment of bronchospasm. There are cheap positive pressure devices that are used in mass casualty conditions and some drugs for prevention of inflammatory and pulmonary oedema (Naeije et al 2013). Some drugs that have been recommended and are profitable in the treatment of pulmonary oedema caused by exposure to corrosive chemicals are; dopamine, allopurinol, beta- agonists, insulin and ibuprofen. The beta- agonists which are used to treat asthma has been found effective in reducing the pulmonary oedema condition (Sorbo et al, 2014). The drug called sevoflurane is an anaesthetic agent used as a bronchodilator and it lowers pressure in the airways and improves the oxygen flow through the capillaries. Some of the drugs are administered to t arget specific injury sites and for the specific inflammatory response. There are other drugs that help in regulating and improvement of the activities of the ion in the blood channels to control fluid movement across the lung membranes. (Walkey Wiener 2013). They also target the surfactant. The mechanic information concerning biochemistry, physiology, and toxicology are important in determining the new therapy methods and development of new diagnostic methods. Acute respiration failure has been the most common infection that led to many cases of people who have been admitted to the intensive care unit. The lung is the most affected organ in the patient's body. The lung is an elastic organ whose inflation results from the partial pressure of the gases inhaled and the diffusion gradient of these gases as they cross the alveolar- capillary membrane. During breathing it's the lung that plays a passive role with the help of the muscular effort for ventilation. At normal breathing, exhalation is completely passive but when one is exercising in forced expirat ion, the muscles involved becomes active. As the process of respiration involves the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), the lungs must overcome its elastic components for it to inflate. With high compliance and the absence of elastic tissue and alveolar, the lungs are able to inflate easily. Insufficient lung ventilation results in a hypercapnic respiratory failure. It occurs when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange fail. Some of the conditions that cause acute respiratory failure includes; primary respiration infection, drug overdose and exacerbation of cardiac disease. There are several medical indicators of acute respiratory failure. These indicators include; PH below 7.35 versus partial pressure carbon dioxide in the arteries (paco2) above 50mm Hg, partial pressure oxygen in the arteries (pao2) below 60mm Hg and arterial oxygen supply as measured by oximetry (spo2) below 91% in the room air and paco2 increase of 10mm Hg from below in patients with chronic lung cancer. The basic nursing care for the treatment of acute respiratory failure is by supporting the patient with devices for supplemental oxygen through mechanical ventilation and monitoring oxygen saturation (Morton et al 2017. For the tremendous effect on improving the patient's efficiency of recovery. It's the role of the nurse to check on changes in the respiratory status of the patients (Aitken et al 2015). Assessment of the patient tissue oxygen status frequently. Evaluation and indication of result end-organ perfusion and noting the signal of coronary artery perfusion. (Bellani et al 2016). References Aitken, L., Chaboyer, W. and Marshall, A., 2015. Scope of critical care practice. ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing-E-Book, p.1. Authors/Task Force Members, Konstantinides, S.V., Torbicki, A., Agnelli, G., Danchin, N., Fitzmaurice, D., Gali, N., Gibbs, J.S.R., Huisman, M.V., Humbert, M. and Kucher, N., 2014. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Respiratory Society (ERS). European heart journal, 35(43), pp.3033-3073. Bellani, G., Laffey, J.G., Pham, T., Fan, E., Brochard, L., Esteban, A., Gattinoni, L., Van Haren, F., Larsson, A., McAuley, D.F. and Ranieri, M., 2016. Epidemiology, patterns of care, and mortality for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in intensive care units in 50 countries. Jama, 315(8), pp.788-8. Creed, F. and Spiers, C. eds., 2010. Care of the acutely ill adult: an essential guide for nurses. OUP Oxford. Combes, A., Brodie, D., Bartlett, R., Brochard, L., Brower, R., Conrad, S., De Backer, D., Fan, E., Ferguson, N., Fortenberry, J. and Fraser, J., 2014. Position paper for the organization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation programs for acute respiratory failure in adult patients. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 190(5), pp.488-496. Curley, M.A., Wypij, D., Watson, R.S., Grant, M.J.C., Asaro, L.A., Cheifetz, I.M., Dodson, B.L., Franck, L.S., Gedeit, R.G., Angus, D.C. and Matthay, M.A., 2015. Protocolized sedation vs usual care in pediatric patients mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 313(4), pp.379-389. Del Sorbo, L., Cypel, M. and Fan, E., 2014. Extracorporeal life support for adults with severe acute respiratory failure. The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 2(2), pp.154-164. Gurin, C., Reignier, J., Richard, J.C., Beuret, P., Gacouin, A., Boulain, T., Mercier, E., Badet, M., Mercat, A., Baudin, O. and Clavel, M., 2013. Prone positioning in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(23), pp.2159-2168. Frat, J.P., Thille, A.W., Mercat, A., Girault, C., Ragot, S., Perbet, S., Prat, G., Boulain, T., Morawiec, E., Cottereau, A. and Devaquet, J., 2015. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(23), pp.2185-2196. Lemiale, V., Mokart, D., Resche-Rigon, M., Pne, F., Mayaux, J., Faucher, E., Nyunga, M., Girault, C., Perez, P., Guitton, C. and Ekpe, K., 2015. Effect of noninvasive ventilation vs oxygen therapy on mortality among immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 314(16), pp.1711-1719. Moreau, R., Jalan, R., Gines, P., Pavesi, M., Angeli, P., Cordoba, J., Durand, F., Gustot, T., Saliba, F., Domenicali, M. and Gerbes, A., 2013. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology, 144(7), pp.1426-1437. Morton, P.G., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C.M. and Gallo, B.M., 2017. Critical care nursing: a holistic approach (p. 1056). Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Naeije, R., Vachiery, J.L., Yerly, P. and Vanderpool, R., 2013. The transpulmonary pressure gradient for the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular disease. Walkey, A.J. and Wiener, R.S., 2013. Use of noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure, 20002009: a population-based study. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 10(1), pp.10-17. Schmidt, M., Bailey, M., Sheldrake, J., Hodgson, C., Aubron, C., Rycus, P.T., Scheinkestel, C., Cooper, D.J., Brodie, D., Pellegrino, V. and Combes. A., 2014 Predicting survival after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory failure. The Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction (RESP) score. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 189(11), pp.1374-1382. Schnell, D., Timsit, J.F., Darmon, M., Vesin, A., Goldgran-Toledano, D., Dumenil, A.S., Garrouste-Orgeas, M., Adrie, C., Bouadma, L., Planquette, B. and Cohen, Y., 2014. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure: trends in use and outcomes. Intensive care medicine, 40(4), pp.582-591.

Symbolic Interaction Theory

Question: Discuss about theSymbolic Interaction Theory. Answer: Introduction The symbolic interaction theory explains the means through which a society or a family ascribes sense to non-verbal communication, people, objects, and verbal communication. Fundamentally, the theory characterizes the perception of actions or objects as a means of communication (Estes Edmonds, 1981). The scope of the research, therefore, will be limited in outlining the background, basics of the theory, and significance of the symbolic interaction theory especially in understanding human communication as well as to give a reflection. In the communication process, the meaning given to symbols can be altered during the interpretive process which is intrinsically a part of the communication process within a given society. Therefore, symbolic interaction theory is fundamental in interpreting both nonverbal and verbal communication (Joel, 2009). The theory utilizes the ordinary means and symbols to pass or obtain a message. The primary symbols used by humans to intermingle include words, gestures, rules, and roles. Through the development of a complex set of symbols, humans interrelate in particular environments. The exceptional role of the symbolic interaction theory to society is to aid individuals to build the idea of self in the midst of social interrelations (Carpendale, 2014). Background of the Theory The symbolic interaction theory has developed out of contributions of two scholars George Herbert Mead and Heabert Blummer. Blummer is considered the father of the theory since he was the first to coin the word symbolic interactionism' and to organize Mead's concepts into a unified theory with a given methodological propositions for study (Aksan, AydÄÂ ±n Demirbuken, 2009). Carter Fuller (2016) recognizes symbolic interaction a progressive theory because it's the role of the social actors to ascribe meaning to objects around them. The significance of George Herbert Mead in the formulation of the theory can be derived from his conviction that mind and ego are a creation of the society. Herbert postulate that symbols build-up the mind and thus utilized as a mode of thinking and communication (Mead, 1934). Mead, therefore, focused on the way people relate daily by use of symbolic interaction and generated meaning and order. On the other hand, Blummer understands meaning' in two perspectives: Meaning is perceived as something being predicated to a phenomenon, object or event. It is also seen as the physical attachment' forced to an object or event by man. Blummer, therefore, considers meaning as a provision which results from interrelations of a given group of people rather than, an inherent characteristic of an object (Blummer, 1986). Consequently, the meaning of symbols results from interactions. Symbolic interaction theory thus recognizes meaning as the core of man activities. However, language grants meaning to human activities through the use of symbols. Hence, it is proper to conclude that symbols distinguish human social relations from any other form of communication. Man attributes meaning to a symbol which results to a language. As a result, symbols shape the foundations of communication (Tubbs, 2012). Fundamental Concept of the Social Interaction Theory The most basic building block of the theory is the analysis of human communication about a symbol or what Mead referred to as the significant symbol. A significant symbol, therefore, is defined as a verbal or any other type of a gesture that arouse a mutual response in the one using it and to whom it is intended (Becker McCall, 2009). Consequently the ability to utilize significant symbols makes human interaction possible by the meaning attached to the symbol. Human communication is thus perceived as engagement in symbolic interaction. In social interaction theory, human language is understood to be constituted by a set of conventional symbols which man can identify. However, Blummer proposes that they are three central principles of the theory which include Meaning, Language, and Thought (Bretherton, 2014). Meaning According to the principle, human behavior towards others and things is founded on the meaning, they have attached to them. For example, when a Muslim extremist think of a Christian there is an image that forms in his or her mind and his or her behavior towards the Christian will be based on that image (Blummer, 1986). Language Language is the principle that makes it possible for symbols and interaction to be understood by the mind and aids in the formulation of assumptions. In addition, the naming of things is vital in creating meaning to all things because everything is deemed to have a name. In human interaction people construct the meaning of words and gestures based on comprehension and perspective of the symbol (Blummer, 1986). For example, having dinner out may mean just going out and getting something to eat to some people while to others it may mean having a date. Thought Thought principle is understood to imply the interpretation that is attributed to a symbol. It refers to the mental a process that communicates regarding the names, symbol, and meaning and intrinsically linked to language. It is also constituted of mental activity such as imagination (Blummer, 1986). Significance of the Theory Denzin (2008) acknowledges that Social interaction theory is very helpful especially in understanding how miscommunication happens amid people. A given symbol either vocal or a gesture can have a different meaning in different contexts. Miscommunication, therefore, occurs when symbols are scrutinized outside their attached meaning. For example, there was a time President Richard Nixon gestured to a group of Australian with an intention to pass a message of peace and good will. Regrettably, the identical gesture that communicated peace' in the United States had an awfully vulgar connotation in the Australian community. A precise knowledge in symbolic interactionism is thus important in comprehending the various message interpretation depending on different meaning attached to words and symbols (Smith-Lovin Heise, 2016). In conclusion, social interaction theory is vital in creating a common understanding especially by employing of symbols. However, for it to be effective there must be mutual understanding resulting from the communication using the symbols. It is worth noting that communication by use of symbols is a process by which meaning is attributed and put across to generate a mutual understanding. It is also critical to point out that this process demands extensive repertoire of proficiency in intrapersonal and interpersonal especially in analyzing, listening, observing, and evaluating human communication. As a result, social interaction theory is practical, and its future is bright. Reflection Since infancy, we are taught how to express ourselves using both verbal and non-verbal communication. The theory, therefore, helps in understanding certain actions within the members of the same family. Members of the same family know which symbols and meaning are acceptable within the family. As a result of close interaction between the family members, it is easy to find out when one of the family members is stressed simply through the body language. As family members, we learn the non-verbal communication signaled by fellow family members when they are sad, happy, stressed or angry. Therefore, in a family set-up, some actions or symbols are attributed a given meaning which is shared by all the family members. In my family, for example, it is easy to know when my dad is angry and needs time alone. He expresses this need non-vocally by going outside to smoke his cigar. As family members, we know at that moment no one should go to him for a conversation until he is back to the house and has cooled down. Therefore for my dad, a cigar is symbolic of anger. Failure to understand my father this way could lead to conflict. For example, if we the family members and especially my mom have not learned the meaning of his action as needing time alone there could have occurred arguments and confrontations. My dad expects that our close interaction with him should aid us in recognizing the symbolism and therefore respect his need for time alone. The example of how my dad deals with anger is connected to the symbolic interaction theory. We the family members have attributed meaning to the action of my dad smoking and have learned to behave accordingly. The action is a means of expressing the need of time alone. Though some symbols are common to society, others make sense only to a group of people or to given situations. The understanding of given action or a symbol, therefore, determine the human behavior in a particular situation. Symbolic interactionism is thus vital in evaluating the meaning of human action within a society. From the example, it is clear that human is not a creation of the society but rather a creator of the society. They shape their behaviors and give meaning to their environment through conventional symbols and shared meaning. Hence, to understand the human behaviors the focus should be on human interaction. In my family to understand the behavior of the family members towards my dad's action one primarily need to comprehend the family interaction. Symbolic interaction theory is unique in that it emphasizes on the interpersonal relation and human thought rather than external factors that influence human behavior. It can be concluded that human interactions that create symbols and their meaning also generate social structures. The theory, therefore, aids individuals in formulating the concept of self-identity in the midst of social interactions. References Aksan, N., KÄÂ ±sac, B., AydÄÂ ±n, M., Demirbuken, S. (2009). Symbolic interaction theory. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 902-904. Becker, H. S., McCall, M. M. (Eds.). (2009). Symbolic interaction and cultural studies. University of Chicago Press. Blummer, H. (1986). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. University of CaliforniaPress. Bretherton, I. (Ed.). (2014). Symbolic play: The development of social understanding. AcademicPress. Carter, M. J., Fuller, C. (2016). Symbols, meaning, and action: The past, present, and future ofsymbolic interactionism. Current Sociology. Academic Press. Carpendale, J. I. (Ed.). (2014). Social interaction and the development of knowledge. PsychologyPress. Denzin, N. K. (2008). Symbolic interactionism and cultural studies: The politics ofinterpretation. John Wiley Sons. Estes, C. L., Edmonds, B. C. (1981). Symbolic interaction and social policy analysis.Symbolic Interaction, 4(1), 75-86. Joel, M. C. (2009). Symbolic interactionism: An introduction, an interpretation, an integration. Pearson College Division. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society (Vol. 111). University of Chicago Press.: Chicago. Smith-Lovin, L., Heise, D. R. (2016). Analyzing Social Interact: Adva. Routledge. Tubbs, S. (2012). Human Communication: Principles and Contexts. McGraw-Hill HigherEducation.

Possible Solutions for CSC

CSC is facing a certain kind of decline and the company is selling its facilities to gain some revenue. The company is selling one of its units in Australia, Paxus, to Adcorp a service company (South Africa).1Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Possible Solutions for CSC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is possible to note that one of the major issues CSC is facing now is emergence of new competitors.2 Many new businesses are entering the market (including quite large corporations that were not the company’s competitors previously, e.g. Microsoft, Amazon, etc.). The company has to come up with new strategies to overcome one of the most burning issues, i.e. significant competition. Notably, competition is an inevitable part of the business world. However, it is quite a serious issue for CSC. Competitors offer more services at lower prices and many of the company’s clients cease to work with CSC. Thi s issue has another impact. The company can lose many professionals as they can be offered higher salaries One of the major causes of the serious issue is that the company has long used a strategy of avoidance. CSC has tended to avoid competition by moving to other niches.3 Therefore, the company has no experience in operating in a competitive environment. The company has not worked out specific strategies to keep clients loyal to the company. The company’s attitude towards human resources development is also quite hazardous as they tend to invest in development of few professionals who have already made a considerable contribution.4 This can make many employees less motivated to work for the company. These employees can leave CSC and started working for competitors. Some claim that the company can focus on providing services to vertical industries and â€Å"move away from the commodity market†.5 It can help the company meet short-term goals as this will help them to f ind their clients in other niches.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, this solution can be quite hazardous in terms of long-term goals. Leaving some niches in the market, the company will lose its clients. Besides, when the company enters new niches, it will face competition there, sooner or later. The company may end up losing all possible niches in the market. A better solution is to change the very strategy of the company that focused on niches where competition was low. The company should focus on development of new strategies to remain competitive in the changing environment.6 This will help CSC remain in the market as well as keep its customers and/or gain new clients, which is the major goal of any company. This will also help the company be focused on further development, rather than looking for other niches and possible ways to escape from competition. With t his major goal in mind, the company can make certain steps to pursue the aim. CSC should continue developing relations with existing clients. The major advantage of the company is its being a global and diversified business. CSC has already developed a reputation of a reliable company. Therefore, it is important to emphasize these advantages. Bibliography â€Å"Computer Sciences Corporation: CSC Agrees to Sell Australian IT Staffing Unit.† 4-traders, 2012. Web Horton, Michael. Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011. Web. Schermerhorn, John R., Paul Davidson, David Poole, Alan Simon, Peter Woods, So Ling Chau. Management Foundations and Applications. Milton: John Wiley Sons, 2012.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Possible Solutions for CSC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Footnotes 1. â€Å"Computer Sciences Corporation: CSC Agrees to Sell Australian IT Staffing Unit,† 4-traders, 2012. 2. Mi chael Horton, Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011. 3. Ibid. 4 Michael Horton, Interview, Business Capstone Interviews, 2011. 5. Ibid. 6. John R. Schermerhorn, Paul Davidson, David Poole, Alan Simon, Peter Woods, So Ling Chau, Management Foundations and Applications (Milton: John Wiley Sons, 2012), 14. This report on Possible Solutions for CSC was written and submitted by user Judah V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essays

Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essays Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essay Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essay it is the failure to use dispute that causes the distress and low productivity, associated with escalating dispute. Dispute avoidance and the failure to develop an organization equipped to manage it, not dispute itself. Open, skilful discussion is needed to turn differences into synergistic gain rather than squabbling losses. CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE Dispute is inevitable in construction projects and it can be regarded as endemic in the construction industry. Disputes can either be avoided from the start by way of efficient risk allocation and management or resolved once it is occurs. The former seems to be more suitable to avoid unnecessary time and cost. However, the latter may be practical for complex issues which require third party’s interference (Edwards Shaoul, 2003). 2 Construction disputes are fairly common, and they vary in their nature, size, and complexity. Mark Appel, senior vice president of the American Arbitration Association, stated that â€Å"[t]he construction industry†¦[is] really the industry that sponsors our work. (ENR 2000). Although this statement may initially appear to be an indictment, it simply reflects the complexity of a contemporary construction project, which requires the orchestration of numerous interdependent components, including information, materials, tools, equipment, and a large number of personnel working for independent engineers, contractors, and supplier. Respected professionals estimate that construction litigation expenditures in the United States have increased at an average rate of 10 percent per year over the last decade, and now total nearly $5 billion annually (Michel 1998, Pena-Mora, Sosa, and McCone 2003). Osver the past two decades the construction industry has made tremendous progress in developing more efficient methods of dispute prevention and resolution. In fact, experts frequently refer to the construction industry as being on the innovative edge regarding dispute resolution (ENR 2000, Hinchey and Schor 2002). Despite the progress, there remains much room for improvement. Current practice in construction dispute resolution generally reflects one of two perspectives: that one size (or resolution method) fits all disputes, and that dispute resolution is a menu of independent stand-alone choices. It is more effective to approach dispute resolution in a manner similar to medical treatment – diagnose the problem first, and then select the least Invasive procedure that will correct it. Because the cost-effectiveness and timeliness of dispute resolution are critical factors, this thesis proposes a flexible framework – a strategic approach to dispute prevention and resolution that employs a neutral advisor, early intervention, and the ability to tailor the resolution 3 method to the particular nature of the dispute. II. Current Practice A number of different Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods are currently used in the construction industry. A few of the more common methods are highlighted briefly: Step Negotiation generally requires the individuals directly involved in the dispute to seek resolution through direct negotiation. If a resolution is not reached within a predetermined length of time, the dispute is elevated to the next level in the organizations. This process normally continues to senior levels of each organization. Dispute Review Boards1 typically consist of three neutral experts, who visit the site periodically in order to monitor progress and potential problems. When requested by the parties, the board conducts an informal hearing of the dispute and issues an advisory opinion that the parties use as a basis for further negotiations. The prevalence of construction disputes indicates that the current approach to dispute resolution is not effective enough. First, as evidenced by standard construction contract forms, dispute resolution tends to be addressed by specifying the resolution method(s) to be used. This â€Å"pre-ordaining† of the ADR method obviously cannot consider the nature of the dispute, and may in fact limit the parties’ consideration of possible resolution methods. When the project atmosphere deteriorates, parties frequently stop communicating effectively, become inflexible, and â€Å"wrap themselves in the contract. † Therefore, a contract that specifies a particular dispute resolution method, rather than a flexible process, may unintentionally result in the oversight of â€Å"less invasive† methods that are available and probably preferable. Second, dispute resolution methods are too frequently viewed as a menu of stand-alone 4 choices. Dispute resolution methods can be effectively combined into more comprehensive processes, where the benefits of synergy can be exploited to successfully resolve the dispute. A more effective approach would be a dispute resolution system that emphasizes prevention in addition to resolution, and includes the flexibility to determine the most appropriate ADR method (or combination of methods) for each dispute, in an effort to find the â€Å"least invasive procedure† that has a strong likelihood of success. Such a system would address key industry concerns, those most commonly being the cost and time required to resolve the dispute. III. Dispute Resolution Systems Design Slaikeau and Hasson (1998) present a strategy to develop more cost-effective business dispute resolution systems. They describe four summary methods of dealing with conflict: avoidance, collaboration, resorting to higher authority, and power plays. Their consulting experience has shown that the majority of existing dispute resolution systems prematurely resort to â€Å"higher authority† (e. g. , boss, arbitration, litigation) or â€Å"power play† (e. . , strikes) resolution methods before fully exploring the collaborative (e. g. , negotiation, mediation/n) options. Slaikeau and Hasson present a comprehensive dispute resolution system template that includes four major components: site-based resolution (between the parties, with an optional appeal to internal higher authority, such as a supervisor), internal support, convening for external ADR, and appealing to an external higher authority (e. g. , courts or governmental agencies). The template generally requires collaborative methods prior to resorting to external higher uthority. After site-based resolution, the utilization and sequence of subsequent components are completely flexible, including the ability to â€Å"loop back† to a more collaborative 5 component at any time. Progressive dispute resolution exists in the construction industry, but most frequently in predefined escalation specified in the contract; for instance, the DBIA standard contract forms specify step negotiation, then mediation, and finally binding arbitration (DBIA 1998a, 1998b). Groton (1997) presents four principles to consider when designing an effective dispute resolution system for construction: 1. â€Å"Consider the unique nature of the construction process. 2. Even when problems turn into disputes, litigation should not be the method used to resolve them. 3. If participants commit in advance to use dispute resolution techniques when problems arise, they create an atmosphere conducive to solving problems. 4. Many problem-prevention and litigation-avoidance approaches exist; these techniques are most effective when applied early in the project. The best practices for designing dispute resolution systems include flexibility, early intervention, exhaustion of collaborative options before resorting to adjudicatory methods, and controlled escalation of the dispute by using different ADR methods in a logical progression. IV. A Flexible Framework for the Prevention and Resolution of Construction Disputes Due to the number of individuals, organizations, and is sues involved in a modern 1 construction project, problems are inevitable. The desires (and/or pressure) to finish the project and a lack of resources for identifying the root cause of the problem contribute to the danger of delaying the intervention necessary to 6 resolve disputes. Timely intervention can also prevent reoccurrences of the same problem later in the construction process. Too often, contractors submit an all-inclusive claim at the end of the project, frequently fostering an adversarial atmosphere that threatens potential collaboration between the parties on future projects. A more effective approach is to ddress the issues quickly, while they are manageable, determine the root causes, and correct them. In addition to the issue of when to address disputes, there is the matter of how best to address them. Disputes vary in nature, and different disputes are more efficiently resolved through different methods. In the vast majority of construction disputes, some form of ADR is the most appropriate option. There are rare cases in which litigation i s the most appropriate course – those in which a determination on a legal principle is required, or the establishment of a legal precedent is sought. Even within the realm of ADR alternatives, a â€Å"one size fits all† approach cannot produce optimal results due to the varying characteristics of the disputes and of the ADR methods. (Groton 1997, Hinchey and Schor 2002). The question is then, â€Å"When is the best time to specify the ADR approach to be used for a particular dispute? † The 1990 ABA forum concluded that mediations tended to be more successful when parties agreed to mediate after the dispute developed, as opposed to simply enforce as a matter of the contract (Hinchey 1990). Considering these facts together, the proposed solution is to contractually specify a framework for dispute resolution that combines early intervention with flexibility in the selection of ADR methods, rather than specifying a particular method to be applied to all disputes. The proposed system concentrates 7 heavily on proven techniques to prevent and collaboratively resolve disputes, and includes the ability to tailor the resolution process specifically based on the characteristics of each dispute. A convenor – a neutral third-party expert advisor – assists the project team in implementing the system, and provides continuity throughout the duration of the project. 1. 2 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY According to Robert (2010), Until early 1990s, the dispute resolution landscape in Nigeria was dominated by the adversarial, daggers drawn mechanisms of litigation and arbitration, and counsel deployed these vigorously on behalf of their client. However towards the end of last decade, the Federal Government of Nigeria opened its borders to nternational investors, particularly in the infrastructural development sector, leading to serious changes in the business landscape and in the dispute resolution. There are now many independent power projects (IPP) and concession agreements and most, if not all, have some element of foreign participation. The need for efficient and expeditious resolution of disputes has adoption of international recognized dispute resolution mechanisms, w hether litigation, arbitration or some other form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The adventof corporate entities investing in Nigeria, bringing with them their corporate culture including their preferred method of dispute resolution, has also contributed to advance of ADR (Marcellina and Okehia 1996). Tjosvold (1992): The idea that dispute is destructive and causes misery is so self-evident that it is seldom debated. Employees fight about many issues, but the wisdom of avoiding dispute is too often not one of them. However , it is the failure to use dispute 8 that causes the distress and low productivity, associated with escalating dispute. Dispute avoidance and the failure to develop an organization equipped to manage it, not dispute itself. Open, skilful discussion is needed to turn differences into synergistic gain rather than squabbling losses. Mark Appel (2000) stated that construction disputes, when not resolved in a timely manner, become very expensive – in terms of finances, personnel, time, and opportunity costs. The visible expenses (e. g. , attorneys, expert witnesses, the dispute resolution process itself) alone are significant. The less visible costs (e. g. , company resources assigned to the dispute, lost business opportunities) and the intangible costs (e. . , damage to business relationships, potential value lost due to inefficient dispute resolution) are also considerable, although difficult or impossible to quantify. 1. 3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Dispute resolution is a very important task in construction because huge sums are invested in projects and stakeholders are eager to resolve disputes before they bring their projects to a halt and bankrupt them. At the project level, unresolved disputes can lead to programme delay, increased tension, and can damage long term business relationships as a result. Hence, the mportance of dispute resolution cannot be over- emphasized, and selecting the most appropriate resolution strategy is equally important (Cheung and Suen, 2002). It is for this reason that the industry has managed to develop and adopt many unique ways of dispute resolution (Groton, 1997; Harmon, 2003; Gebken and Gibson, 2006) and has thus become a paradoxical leader in both dispute generation and resolution (Gibbons, 2007). Because disputes arise from so many 9 different sources and are so complex, there is no single one size fits all technique for resolving them. Also, according to Groton (1997), the spiral of conflict, which can cause a simple problem to develop into a difference of opinion, then a disagreement, and ultimately a dispute, makes it impossible to use a single dispute resolution technique to deal with all successive stages in the development of a dispute. Dispute resolution methods range from the traditional techniques of litigation and arbitration to alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods including mediation, adjudication, conciliation, negotiation, dispute resolution board, mini-trial, and dispute resolution adviser. Figure 1 shows a continuum of dispute resolution methods with the degree of control of the outcomes by the stakeholders compared to both the cost of resolution and the extent of hostilities resulting from their use. The fundamentals of the use of these methods and their combinations and hybrids, including their relative merits and demerits have been extensively discussed by various authors, including Brooker and Lavers (1997), Cheung and Suen (2002), Harmon (2003), Chan et al. , (2006), Teo and Aibinu (2007) and Elis and Baiden (2008) 1. 4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1. 4. 1 Aim This research is aimed at dispute resolution method in the Nigeria construction industry for the benefit of all professional and participant who desire comprehensive information on appropriate method of resolving dispute. 1. 4. 2 Objectives i To articulate the concept of dispute in construction industry. 10 ii To explore the origin, Nature and process of litigation, arbitration and other ADR iii To identify the method predominantly used for dispute resolution iv To distinguish between Adversarial and on adversarial methods of dispute resolution mechanisms available . 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will be pursued through extensive review of literature from text books, journals, magazines and other documents relevant to the research. Also a well structured questionnaire will be administered to a sample of the population for the study. The population will include all professional in the construction industry, i. e. Architects, Builders, Engineers, Quantity surveyors who manage co nstruction project at a senior cadre level in all categories of construction firms duly registered with corporate affairs commission in Nigeria. . 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION The concept of dispute is extensive, but this research work intends to cover only resolution method in construction industry, using Federal capital territory Abuja, Kaduna and Lagos as area from which sample will be collected, considering that a lot of construction activities and companies are concentrated there. 11 References 1 Adams, O. (1997), ‘Contractor development in Nigeria: perceptions of contractors and professionals’, Construction Management Economics, 15(1), pp 95-108 2 Aibinu, A. A. nd Odeyinka, H. A. (2006), ‘Construction delays and their causative factors in Nigeria’, Journal of Construction Engineering Management. 132(7), pp 667-677 3 Aniekwu, A. (1995), ‘The business environment of the construction industry in Nigeria’, Construction Management Economics, 13(6) , pp 445-455 4 Bristow, D. and Vasilopoulos, R. (1995), ‘The new CCDC2: facilitating dispute resolution of construction projects’, Construction Law Journal, 11(2), pp 95-117 5 Brooker, P. 1999), Survey of construction lawyers attitudes and practice in the use of ADR in contractors disputes, Construction Management and Economics, 17(6), pp757-765 6 Chan, E. H. W. (1997), Amicable dispute resolution in the Peoples Republic of China and its implications for foreign-related construction disputes, Construction Management and Economics, 15(6), pp 539-548 7 Chan, E. H. W. , Suen, H. C. H. and Chan, C. K. L. (2006), ‘MAUT-based dispute resolution selection model prototype for international construction projects’ Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(5), pp 444–451. Cheung, S. O. and Yiu, K. T. W. (2007), ‘A study of construction mediator tactics - Part I: taxonomies of dispute sources, mediator tactics and mediation outcomes’, Building and Environment, 42(2), 752-761 9 a (DBIA 1998a) Design-Build Institute of America. 1998. Standard Form of Preliminary Agreement Between Owner and Design-Builder, Document No. 520, First Edition, Design-Build Institute of America, Washington, DC. 9b (DBIA 1998b) Design-Build Institute of America. 1998. Standard Form of General Conditions Between Owner and Design-Builder, Document No. 35, First Edition, Design-Build Institute of America, Washington, DC. 12 10 Elis, F. and Baiden, B. K. (2008), A conceptual model for conflict management in construction firms, in Jin, X. and Doloi, H. (Eds), Proceedings of Construction 11 Funmi Roberts F. (2010),† Cultureal Nuances in Mediating Commercial Disputes in Nigeria† in ARBITRATION, the International Jirnal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management. (Sweet and Maxwell) Vol. 76 No. 3, August Edition. 12 Gebken, R. J. and Gibson, G. E. 2006), ‘Quantification of costs for dispute resolution procedures in the cons truction industry’, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 132(3), pp 264-271 13 Gibbons, E. N. (2007), Effects of Litigation in the Construction Industry: stratification and Insolubility, in Proceedings of the Construction and Building Research Conference of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (COBRA 2007), RICS, Atlanta, 6-7 September 2007, rics. org/NR/rdonlyres/BF249E01-4710-49CE-B6DF- 2306264311C7/0/Cob2007Gibbons. df , viewed 01/05/2009 14 Groton, J. P. (1997), ‘Alternative dispute resolution in the construction industry’, 15 Hinchey, J. and L. Schor. 2002. â€Å"The Quest for the Right Questions In the Construction Industry. † Dispute Resolution Journal, August/October, 10-20. 16 Marcellina H. and Okehia O. (1996), Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Nigeria (Trenton, NJ: African World Press Inc) pg. 6. 17 Pena-Mora, F. , C. E. Sosa, and D. S. McCone. 2003. Introduction to Construction Dispute Resolution. Prenti ce Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 8 RICS COBRA Research Conference, University of Cape Town, 10-11th September 2009. Oladapo and Onabanjo, pp 7-22 19 Slaikeu, K. A. and R. H. Hasson. 1998. Controlling the Costs of Conflict: How to Design a System for Your Organization. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco. 21 Teo, A. I. L. and Aibinu, A. A. (2007), ‘Legal framework for alternative dispute resolution: examination of the Singapore national legal system for arbitration’, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 133(2), pp 148–157 13

GCSE Distance Learning How to Save Money with an Individual Online Course Plan

GCSE Distance Learning How to Save Money with an Individual Online Course Plan GCSE Distance Learning: How to Save Money with an Individual Online Course Plan Like any other examination or certification, GCSE requires a great amount of effort and time for profound preparation. There are dozens of courses that provide classes, necessary material and assistance in whatever subject your choose, but they are quite costly. Even online lessons of GCSE training start at  £285 – the sum that doesn’t sound affordable at all. But if you are ready to dedicate some time to planning and counting, we have a good, much cheaper   (or even free) option for you – online courses from main knowledge providers on the Internet. You could say that they are irrelevant to GCSE, but you can change that by creating your own individual plan. It’s quite easy to do: Look at the syllabus of a specialized GCSE course – they usually describe in detail which topics will be covered on each lesson. Find free courses that cover those topics. Plan the learning time to make it till certification and arrange lessons for yourself to closely follow the schedule. Want to see how it works in practice? Here you go! Mathematics According to an online course on icslearn.co.uk, it is necessary to cover algebra, geometry and measures, ratio, rates of change and proportion just in the first unit because this is an important foundation, essential to progress further. Let’s see what we can spot on the Internet for free to go through these topics: Algebra Basics: Foundations by Khan Academy Algebra in Mathematics by Alison Introduction to Geometry by EdX Ratios, rates and proportions by Khan Academy As you can see, there is a chance to find at least 2-3 different courses on one topic from various providers. You have a wide range of variants to choose from and that’s the beauty of it. English Language Let’s take another very important subject and try looking for budget compliant variants for you. The interesting fact is that taking paid courses is the main means of preparation among students, but according to a 2016 statistic, the number of people gaining A-C grades in English GCSE dropped by 2.1%. So, it’s not always all about expensive training. Well, the more motivation to try something new ☠º A regular course on the English language GCSE exam includes punctuation, spelling, parts of speech, speaking and writing on different topics as well as reading comprehension. Now, we’ll have a look at its free online counterparts: Grammar and Punctuation by Coursera Parts of Speech: the Noun by Khan Academy (contains a course for every part of speech) Speaking and Writing English Effectively by Alison Speak English Professionally by Coursera Transform Your Writing Skills by Coursera Nowadays, online education is on such a level that you can freely rely on the knowledge it provides, and that’s a great benefit. Of course, this kind of preparation for GCSE coursework will take more time because topics will repeat and some will be omitted (you will have to research them separately). But you have a chance to do it for free, and if money is the governing factor for your decision, hesitate no more. Start planning your own individual course!

Personal journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Personal journal - Essay Example My best friend and his dad had also joined us. We all rose up early the morning of the long trip up to the camp site. Mom had made a whopping helping of pancakes and packed our lunches for along the way. My friend and I couldn’t sit still and hurriedly gulped down our breakfast forcing our dads to hurry up as well. Finally we headed out and I remember counting the cars to make the hours go by faster. When we arrived at the site, it was just like how my young mind hand imagined it. The clearing was wide and beautiful surrounded by trees, shrubs, and swaying grass. We had immediately set up the tents and started collecting logs for the campfire before the sun went down. There was a small stream not far away where we planned to do some fishing the next day. It was the perfect spot for the perfect weekend. That day we just rested and lay by the water, dipping our feet lazily, staring up at the darkening sky. The stars I remember seemed super bright and closer than usual. We had go ne to sleep early, resting up for the busy two days ahead. The next day we rose bright and early, ready to go hiking and later fishing for our lunch. At night the four of us used to sit around on logs with a flaming, hot camp fire in the middle, holding out our sticks covered in layers of gooey marshmallows. My friend’s dad told the best scary stories.

Mutual Advantages For Trade Between Usa And Mexico Research Paper

Mutual Advantages For Trade Between Usa And Mexico - Research Paper Example Goods were sold at high profit by the Americans. The minimum price of a good was 5 cents and 10 cents was considered to be an eighth of a dollar. This shows the devaluation of other currencies in comparison of the US Dollar was prevalent even then. 2 Benefits from Trade in the 18th Century â€Å"The Santa Fe Trail developed into a complex web of international business, social ties, tariffs and laws†.3 The Americans exchanged merchandise, horses and oxen in return for silver bullions from the Mexicans initially. With deepening of friendly relations and growth of trade between the Americans and Mexicans, the variety and volume of trade grew, too. The shrewd Americans identified the need for cotton prints, factory products, latest gun and ammunitions and whiskey of the Mexicans, which they supplied profitably. On their return back home, they purchased wool, buffaloes, hides and horses, mules, gold coins, gold dust and silver from the Mexicans which earned them great revenues, in turn. Thus, what followed was symbiotic relation between the two countries through a series of trade transactions.4 Apart from the material aspect to these transactions, there were other benefits as well. Due to the long period of trade between these two countries relations formed between the white men and the native women of Mexico and many of them married these native women Dr. Eugene Leitensdorfer from Missouri, married a Mexican women named Soledad Abreu, who was the daughter of a former governor of Mexico.. This proved to be advantageous for the Americans as these women worked as labor in their fur and skin trade. They also served as mediators between the Mexican men and their business partners.5 Americans who maintained good... However, after trade relations had lasted for a considerable period of time, the Mexicans began to wonder if the price for this growth was outweighing its benefits. It was evident that the Americans were gaining far more from the trade than the Mexicans. The net result was a transfer of wealth to the west and by the time the Mexicans realized this, it was too late. The indigenous traders had been completely uprooted by the foreigners and the Americans exercised abundant power over the native markets.The congenial trade relations between the two countries have remained unchanged till this century. Mexico is the second largest exporter of US exports and around 11% of its exports are from the US. It is also the third largest trading partner of US forming 10% of US imports and these figures are still rapidly increasing. Around 82% of Mexico's exports go to the US and the trade between them has grown in the last ten years. However, even today the US maintains trade advantages over Mexico as Mexico can never match the US in terms of efficiency and productivity. Thus, the exploitation of Mexico by the US to remains unchanged and the US is the ultimate gainer. It can be concluded that the trade relations between US and Mexico have remained strong from the 18th century along the Santa Fe Trail till present day. The trade between them is highly disproportionate with the US reaping the maximum rewards. This scenario may be altered by the adoption of adequate policy measures by the Mexican government.