Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essays

Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essays Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essay Dispute Resolution in Con Truction Industry (Msc Thesis Proposal) Essay it is the failure to use dispute that causes the distress and low productivity, associated with escalating dispute. Dispute avoidance and the failure to develop an organization equipped to manage it, not dispute itself. Open, skilful discussion is needed to turn differences into synergistic gain rather than squabbling losses. CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE Dispute is inevitable in construction projects and it can be regarded as endemic in the construction industry. Disputes can either be avoided from the start by way of efficient risk allocation and management or resolved once it is occurs. The former seems to be more suitable to avoid unnecessary time and cost. However, the latter may be practical for complex issues which require third party’s interference (Edwards Shaoul, 2003). 2 Construction disputes are fairly common, and they vary in their nature, size, and complexity. Mark Appel, senior vice president of the American Arbitration Association, stated that â€Å"[t]he construction industry†¦[is] really the industry that sponsors our work. (ENR 2000). Although this statement may initially appear to be an indictment, it simply reflects the complexity of a contemporary construction project, which requires the orchestration of numerous interdependent components, including information, materials, tools, equipment, and a large number of personnel working for independent engineers, contractors, and supplier. Respected professionals estimate that construction litigation expenditures in the United States have increased at an average rate of 10 percent per year over the last decade, and now total nearly $5 billion annually (Michel 1998, Pena-Mora, Sosa, and McCone 2003). Osver the past two decades the construction industry has made tremendous progress in developing more efficient methods of dispute prevention and resolution. In fact, experts frequently refer to the construction industry as being on the innovative edge regarding dispute resolution (ENR 2000, Hinchey and Schor 2002). Despite the progress, there remains much room for improvement. Current practice in construction dispute resolution generally reflects one of two perspectives: that one size (or resolution method) fits all disputes, and that dispute resolution is a menu of independent stand-alone choices. It is more effective to approach dispute resolution in a manner similar to medical treatment – diagnose the problem first, and then select the least Invasive procedure that will correct it. Because the cost-effectiveness and timeliness of dispute resolution are critical factors, this thesis proposes a flexible framework – a strategic approach to dispute prevention and resolution that employs a neutral advisor, early intervention, and the ability to tailor the resolution 3 method to the particular nature of the dispute. II. Current Practice A number of different Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods are currently used in the construction industry. A few of the more common methods are highlighted briefly: Step Negotiation generally requires the individuals directly involved in the dispute to seek resolution through direct negotiation. If a resolution is not reached within a predetermined length of time, the dispute is elevated to the next level in the organizations. This process normally continues to senior levels of each organization. Dispute Review Boards1 typically consist of three neutral experts, who visit the site periodically in order to monitor progress and potential problems. When requested by the parties, the board conducts an informal hearing of the dispute and issues an advisory opinion that the parties use as a basis for further negotiations. The prevalence of construction disputes indicates that the current approach to dispute resolution is not effective enough. First, as evidenced by standard construction contract forms, dispute resolution tends to be addressed by specifying the resolution method(s) to be used. This â€Å"pre-ordaining† of the ADR method obviously cannot consider the nature of the dispute, and may in fact limit the parties’ consideration of possible resolution methods. When the project atmosphere deteriorates, parties frequently stop communicating effectively, become inflexible, and â€Å"wrap themselves in the contract. † Therefore, a contract that specifies a particular dispute resolution method, rather than a flexible process, may unintentionally result in the oversight of â€Å"less invasive† methods that are available and probably preferable. Second, dispute resolution methods are too frequently viewed as a menu of stand-alone 4 choices. Dispute resolution methods can be effectively combined into more comprehensive processes, where the benefits of synergy can be exploited to successfully resolve the dispute. A more effective approach would be a dispute resolution system that emphasizes prevention in addition to resolution, and includes the flexibility to determine the most appropriate ADR method (or combination of methods) for each dispute, in an effort to find the â€Å"least invasive procedure† that has a strong likelihood of success. Such a system would address key industry concerns, those most commonly being the cost and time required to resolve the dispute. III. Dispute Resolution Systems Design Slaikeau and Hasson (1998) present a strategy to develop more cost-effective business dispute resolution systems. They describe four summary methods of dealing with conflict: avoidance, collaboration, resorting to higher authority, and power plays. Their consulting experience has shown that the majority of existing dispute resolution systems prematurely resort to â€Å"higher authority† (e. g. , boss, arbitration, litigation) or â€Å"power play† (e. . , strikes) resolution methods before fully exploring the collaborative (e. g. , negotiation, mediation/n) options. Slaikeau and Hasson present a comprehensive dispute resolution system template that includes four major components: site-based resolution (between the parties, with an optional appeal to internal higher authority, such as a supervisor), internal support, convening for external ADR, and appealing to an external higher authority (e. g. , courts or governmental agencies). The template generally requires collaborative methods prior to resorting to external higher uthority. After site-based resolution, the utilization and sequence of subsequent components are completely flexible, including the ability to â€Å"loop back† to a more collaborative 5 component at any time. Progressive dispute resolution exists in the construction industry, but most frequently in predefined escalation specified in the contract; for instance, the DBIA standard contract forms specify step negotiation, then mediation, and finally binding arbitration (DBIA 1998a, 1998b). Groton (1997) presents four principles to consider when designing an effective dispute resolution system for construction: 1. â€Å"Consider the unique nature of the construction process. 2. Even when problems turn into disputes, litigation should not be the method used to resolve them. 3. If participants commit in advance to use dispute resolution techniques when problems arise, they create an atmosphere conducive to solving problems. 4. Many problem-prevention and litigation-avoidance approaches exist; these techniques are most effective when applied early in the project. The best practices for designing dispute resolution systems include flexibility, early intervention, exhaustion of collaborative options before resorting to adjudicatory methods, and controlled escalation of the dispute by using different ADR methods in a logical progression. IV. A Flexible Framework for the Prevention and Resolution of Construction Disputes Due to the number of individuals, organizations, and is sues involved in a modern 1 construction project, problems are inevitable. The desires (and/or pressure) to finish the project and a lack of resources for identifying the root cause of the problem contribute to the danger of delaying the intervention necessary to 6 resolve disputes. Timely intervention can also prevent reoccurrences of the same problem later in the construction process. Too often, contractors submit an all-inclusive claim at the end of the project, frequently fostering an adversarial atmosphere that threatens potential collaboration between the parties on future projects. A more effective approach is to ddress the issues quickly, while they are manageable, determine the root causes, and correct them. In addition to the issue of when to address disputes, there is the matter of how best to address them. Disputes vary in nature, and different disputes are more efficiently resolved through different methods. In the vast majority of construction disputes, some form of ADR is the most appropriate option. There are rare cases in which litigation i s the most appropriate course – those in which a determination on a legal principle is required, or the establishment of a legal precedent is sought. Even within the realm of ADR alternatives, a â€Å"one size fits all† approach cannot produce optimal results due to the varying characteristics of the disputes and of the ADR methods. (Groton 1997, Hinchey and Schor 2002). The question is then, â€Å"When is the best time to specify the ADR approach to be used for a particular dispute? † The 1990 ABA forum concluded that mediations tended to be more successful when parties agreed to mediate after the dispute developed, as opposed to simply enforce as a matter of the contract (Hinchey 1990). Considering these facts together, the proposed solution is to contractually specify a framework for dispute resolution that combines early intervention with flexibility in the selection of ADR methods, rather than specifying a particular method to be applied to all disputes. The proposed system concentrates 7 heavily on proven techniques to prevent and collaboratively resolve disputes, and includes the ability to tailor the resolution process specifically based on the characteristics of each dispute. A convenor – a neutral third-party expert advisor – assists the project team in implementing the system, and provides continuity throughout the duration of the project. 1. 2 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY According to Robert (2010), Until early 1990s, the dispute resolution landscape in Nigeria was dominated by the adversarial, daggers drawn mechanisms of litigation and arbitration, and counsel deployed these vigorously on behalf of their client. However towards the end of last decade, the Federal Government of Nigeria opened its borders to nternational investors, particularly in the infrastructural development sector, leading to serious changes in the business landscape and in the dispute resolution. There are now many independent power projects (IPP) and concession agreements and most, if not all, have some element of foreign participation. The need for efficient and expeditious resolution of disputes has adoption of international recognized dispute resolution mechanisms, w hether litigation, arbitration or some other form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The adventof corporate entities investing in Nigeria, bringing with them their corporate culture including their preferred method of dispute resolution, has also contributed to advance of ADR (Marcellina and Okehia 1996). Tjosvold (1992): The idea that dispute is destructive and causes misery is so self-evident that it is seldom debated. Employees fight about many issues, but the wisdom of avoiding dispute is too often not one of them. However , it is the failure to use dispute 8 that causes the distress and low productivity, associated with escalating dispute. Dispute avoidance and the failure to develop an organization equipped to manage it, not dispute itself. Open, skilful discussion is needed to turn differences into synergistic gain rather than squabbling losses. Mark Appel (2000) stated that construction disputes, when not resolved in a timely manner, become very expensive – in terms of finances, personnel, time, and opportunity costs. The visible expenses (e. g. , attorneys, expert witnesses, the dispute resolution process itself) alone are significant. The less visible costs (e. g. , company resources assigned to the dispute, lost business opportunities) and the intangible costs (e. . , damage to business relationships, potential value lost due to inefficient dispute resolution) are also considerable, although difficult or impossible to quantify. 1. 3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Dispute resolution is a very important task in construction because huge sums are invested in projects and stakeholders are eager to resolve disputes before they bring their projects to a halt and bankrupt them. At the project level, unresolved disputes can lead to programme delay, increased tension, and can damage long term business relationships as a result. Hence, the mportance of dispute resolution cannot be over- emphasized, and selecting the most appropriate resolution strategy is equally important (Cheung and Suen, 2002). It is for this reason that the industry has managed to develop and adopt many unique ways of dispute resolution (Groton, 1997; Harmon, 2003; Gebken and Gibson, 2006) and has thus become a paradoxical leader in both dispute generation and resolution (Gibbons, 2007). Because disputes arise from so many 9 different sources and are so complex, there is no single one size fits all technique for resolving them. Also, according to Groton (1997), the spiral of conflict, which can cause a simple problem to develop into a difference of opinion, then a disagreement, and ultimately a dispute, makes it impossible to use a single dispute resolution technique to deal with all successive stages in the development of a dispute. Dispute resolution methods range from the traditional techniques of litigation and arbitration to alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods including mediation, adjudication, conciliation, negotiation, dispute resolution board, mini-trial, and dispute resolution adviser. Figure 1 shows a continuum of dispute resolution methods with the degree of control of the outcomes by the stakeholders compared to both the cost of resolution and the extent of hostilities resulting from their use. The fundamentals of the use of these methods and their combinations and hybrids, including their relative merits and demerits have been extensively discussed by various authors, including Brooker and Lavers (1997), Cheung and Suen (2002), Harmon (2003), Chan et al. , (2006), Teo and Aibinu (2007) and Elis and Baiden (2008) 1. 4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1. 4. 1 Aim This research is aimed at dispute resolution method in the Nigeria construction industry for the benefit of all professional and participant who desire comprehensive information on appropriate method of resolving dispute. 1. 4. 2 Objectives i To articulate the concept of dispute in construction industry. 10 ii To explore the origin, Nature and process of litigation, arbitration and other ADR iii To identify the method predominantly used for dispute resolution iv To distinguish between Adversarial and on adversarial methods of dispute resolution mechanisms available . 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will be pursued through extensive review of literature from text books, journals, magazines and other documents relevant to the research. Also a well structured questionnaire will be administered to a sample of the population for the study. The population will include all professional in the construction industry, i. e. Architects, Builders, Engineers, Quantity surveyors who manage co nstruction project at a senior cadre level in all categories of construction firms duly registered with corporate affairs commission in Nigeria. . 6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION The concept of dispute is extensive, but this research work intends to cover only resolution method in construction industry, using Federal capital territory Abuja, Kaduna and Lagos as area from which sample will be collected, considering that a lot of construction activities and companies are concentrated there. 11 References 1 Adams, O. (1997), ‘Contractor development in Nigeria: perceptions of contractors and professionals’, Construction Management Economics, 15(1), pp 95-108 2 Aibinu, A. A. nd Odeyinka, H. A. (2006), ‘Construction delays and their causative factors in Nigeria’, Journal of Construction Engineering Management. 132(7), pp 667-677 3 Aniekwu, A. (1995), ‘The business environment of the construction industry in Nigeria’, Construction Management Economics, 13(6) , pp 445-455 4 Bristow, D. and Vasilopoulos, R. (1995), ‘The new CCDC2: facilitating dispute resolution of construction projects’, Construction Law Journal, 11(2), pp 95-117 5 Brooker, P. 1999), Survey of construction lawyers attitudes and practice in the use of ADR in contractors disputes, Construction Management and Economics, 17(6), pp757-765 6 Chan, E. H. W. (1997), Amicable dispute resolution in the Peoples Republic of China and its implications for foreign-related construction disputes, Construction Management and Economics, 15(6), pp 539-548 7 Chan, E. H. W. , Suen, H. C. H. and Chan, C. K. L. (2006), ‘MAUT-based dispute resolution selection model prototype for international construction projects’ Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 132(5), pp 444–451. Cheung, S. O. and Yiu, K. T. W. (2007), ‘A study of construction mediator tactics - Part I: taxonomies of dispute sources, mediator tactics and mediation outcomes’, Building and Environment, 42(2), 752-761 9 a (DBIA 1998a) Design-Build Institute of America. 1998. Standard Form of Preliminary Agreement Between Owner and Design-Builder, Document No. 520, First Edition, Design-Build Institute of America, Washington, DC. 9b (DBIA 1998b) Design-Build Institute of America. 1998. Standard Form of General Conditions Between Owner and Design-Builder, Document No. 35, First Edition, Design-Build Institute of America, Washington, DC. 12 10 Elis, F. and Baiden, B. K. (2008), A conceptual model for conflict management in construction firms, in Jin, X. and Doloi, H. (Eds), Proceedings of Construction 11 Funmi Roberts F. (2010),† Cultureal Nuances in Mediating Commercial Disputes in Nigeria† in ARBITRATION, the International Jirnal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management. (Sweet and Maxwell) Vol. 76 No. 3, August Edition. 12 Gebken, R. J. and Gibson, G. E. 2006), ‘Quantification of costs for dispute resolution procedures in the cons truction industry’, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 132(3), pp 264-271 13 Gibbons, E. N. (2007), Effects of Litigation in the Construction Industry: stratification and Insolubility, in Proceedings of the Construction and Building Research Conference of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (COBRA 2007), RICS, Atlanta, 6-7 September 2007, rics. org/NR/rdonlyres/BF249E01-4710-49CE-B6DF- 2306264311C7/0/Cob2007Gibbons. df , viewed 01/05/2009 14 Groton, J. P. (1997), ‘Alternative dispute resolution in the construction industry’, 15 Hinchey, J. and L. Schor. 2002. â€Å"The Quest for the Right Questions In the Construction Industry. † Dispute Resolution Journal, August/October, 10-20. 16 Marcellina H. and Okehia O. (1996), Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Nigeria (Trenton, NJ: African World Press Inc) pg. 6. 17 Pena-Mora, F. , C. E. Sosa, and D. S. McCone. 2003. Introduction to Construction Dispute Resolution. Prenti ce Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 8 RICS COBRA Research Conference, University of Cape Town, 10-11th September 2009. Oladapo and Onabanjo, pp 7-22 19 Slaikeu, K. A. and R. H. Hasson. 1998. Controlling the Costs of Conflict: How to Design a System for Your Organization. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco. 21 Teo, A. I. L. and Aibinu, A. A. (2007), ‘Legal framework for alternative dispute resolution: examination of the Singapore national legal system for arbitration’, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 133(2), pp 148–157 13

GCSE Distance Learning How to Save Money with an Individual Online Course Plan

GCSE Distance Learning How to Save Money with an Individual Online Course Plan GCSE Distance Learning: How to Save Money with an Individual Online Course Plan Like any other examination or certification, GCSE requires a great amount of effort and time for profound preparation. There are dozens of courses that provide classes, necessary material and assistance in whatever subject your choose, but they are quite costly. Even online lessons of GCSE training start at  £285 – the sum that doesn’t sound affordable at all. But if you are ready to dedicate some time to planning and counting, we have a good, much cheaper   (or even free) option for you – online courses from main knowledge providers on the Internet. You could say that they are irrelevant to GCSE, but you can change that by creating your own individual plan. It’s quite easy to do: Look at the syllabus of a specialized GCSE course – they usually describe in detail which topics will be covered on each lesson. Find free courses that cover those topics. Plan the learning time to make it till certification and arrange lessons for yourself to closely follow the schedule. Want to see how it works in practice? Here you go! Mathematics According to an online course on icslearn.co.uk, it is necessary to cover algebra, geometry and measures, ratio, rates of change and proportion just in the first unit because this is an important foundation, essential to progress further. Let’s see what we can spot on the Internet for free to go through these topics: Algebra Basics: Foundations by Khan Academy Algebra in Mathematics by Alison Introduction to Geometry by EdX Ratios, rates and proportions by Khan Academy As you can see, there is a chance to find at least 2-3 different courses on one topic from various providers. You have a wide range of variants to choose from and that’s the beauty of it. English Language Let’s take another very important subject and try looking for budget compliant variants for you. The interesting fact is that taking paid courses is the main means of preparation among students, but according to a 2016 statistic, the number of people gaining A-C grades in English GCSE dropped by 2.1%. So, it’s not always all about expensive training. Well, the more motivation to try something new ☠º A regular course on the English language GCSE exam includes punctuation, spelling, parts of speech, speaking and writing on different topics as well as reading comprehension. Now, we’ll have a look at its free online counterparts: Grammar and Punctuation by Coursera Parts of Speech: the Noun by Khan Academy (contains a course for every part of speech) Speaking and Writing English Effectively by Alison Speak English Professionally by Coursera Transform Your Writing Skills by Coursera Nowadays, online education is on such a level that you can freely rely on the knowledge it provides, and that’s a great benefit. Of course, this kind of preparation for GCSE coursework will take more time because topics will repeat and some will be omitted (you will have to research them separately). But you have a chance to do it for free, and if money is the governing factor for your decision, hesitate no more. Start planning your own individual course!

Personal journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Personal journal - Essay Example My best friend and his dad had also joined us. We all rose up early the morning of the long trip up to the camp site. Mom had made a whopping helping of pancakes and packed our lunches for along the way. My friend and I couldn’t sit still and hurriedly gulped down our breakfast forcing our dads to hurry up as well. Finally we headed out and I remember counting the cars to make the hours go by faster. When we arrived at the site, it was just like how my young mind hand imagined it. The clearing was wide and beautiful surrounded by trees, shrubs, and swaying grass. We had immediately set up the tents and started collecting logs for the campfire before the sun went down. There was a small stream not far away where we planned to do some fishing the next day. It was the perfect spot for the perfect weekend. That day we just rested and lay by the water, dipping our feet lazily, staring up at the darkening sky. The stars I remember seemed super bright and closer than usual. We had go ne to sleep early, resting up for the busy two days ahead. The next day we rose bright and early, ready to go hiking and later fishing for our lunch. At night the four of us used to sit around on logs with a flaming, hot camp fire in the middle, holding out our sticks covered in layers of gooey marshmallows. My friend’s dad told the best scary stories.

Mutual Advantages For Trade Between Usa And Mexico Research Paper

Mutual Advantages For Trade Between Usa And Mexico - Research Paper Example Goods were sold at high profit by the Americans. The minimum price of a good was 5 cents and 10 cents was considered to be an eighth of a dollar. This shows the devaluation of other currencies in comparison of the US Dollar was prevalent even then. 2 Benefits from Trade in the 18th Century â€Å"The Santa Fe Trail developed into a complex web of international business, social ties, tariffs and laws†.3 The Americans exchanged merchandise, horses and oxen in return for silver bullions from the Mexicans initially. With deepening of friendly relations and growth of trade between the Americans and Mexicans, the variety and volume of trade grew, too. The shrewd Americans identified the need for cotton prints, factory products, latest gun and ammunitions and whiskey of the Mexicans, which they supplied profitably. On their return back home, they purchased wool, buffaloes, hides and horses, mules, gold coins, gold dust and silver from the Mexicans which earned them great revenues, in turn. Thus, what followed was symbiotic relation between the two countries through a series of trade transactions.4 Apart from the material aspect to these transactions, there were other benefits as well. Due to the long period of trade between these two countries relations formed between the white men and the native women of Mexico and many of them married these native women Dr. Eugene Leitensdorfer from Missouri, married a Mexican women named Soledad Abreu, who was the daughter of a former governor of Mexico.. This proved to be advantageous for the Americans as these women worked as labor in their fur and skin trade. They also served as mediators between the Mexican men and their business partners.5 Americans who maintained good... However, after trade relations had lasted for a considerable period of time, the Mexicans began to wonder if the price for this growth was outweighing its benefits. It was evident that the Americans were gaining far more from the trade than the Mexicans. The net result was a transfer of wealth to the west and by the time the Mexicans realized this, it was too late. The indigenous traders had been completely uprooted by the foreigners and the Americans exercised abundant power over the native markets.The congenial trade relations between the two countries have remained unchanged till this century. Mexico is the second largest exporter of US exports and around 11% of its exports are from the US. It is also the third largest trading partner of US forming 10% of US imports and these figures are still rapidly increasing. Around 82% of Mexico's exports go to the US and the trade between them has grown in the last ten years. However, even today the US maintains trade advantages over Mexico as Mexico can never match the US in terms of efficiency and productivity. Thus, the exploitation of Mexico by the US to remains unchanged and the US is the ultimate gainer. It can be concluded that the trade relations between US and Mexico have remained strong from the 18th century along the Santa Fe Trail till present day. The trade between them is highly disproportionate with the US reaping the maximum rewards. This scenario may be altered by the adoption of adequate policy measures by the Mexican government.

Negative Effects of Media Violence on Society Essay -- Media Argumenta

Negative Effects of Media Violence on Society    Given the importance of social learning in contributing to violent behavior, we should pay careful attention to the kinds of role models we provide to one another. A powerful source of role models is located in almost every home: the television. Television is the source of more knowledge in the past several decades than any other type of knowledge distributor, such as books and news papers. It is by far the most influential invention of the twentieth century and has established more role models than radio or magazines combined. But to some the role models that are established through the media and television are not upstanding citizens like Ronald Reagan or Larry King, but instead psycopath murderers and serial killers such as David Koresh, Timmothy McVeigh and Charles Manson. Not only are people mesmerized by the media attention that these types of people receive but they are also taken away by the movies that portray the bad guys as tough fighters who can kill people w ith the snap of a finger. Stars such as Steven Segall, Juan Claude Van Damme, and Sylvester Stallone have done as much to the rise in violence because of the media exposure as the actual killers and murderers. "Violence seems to be something everybody feels they can recognize when they see it, yet it is difficult to define unambiguously. Many different definitions are now in use, and there is much disagreement about them.(Wober 41)" Violence is at an all time high because of the sales and publicity that it receives from the public. One of the biggest problems in this day and age is the violence in the media and on television. The media has taken the first amendment to an all new level b... ...ogress and Implications for the Eighties Vol. 1: Technical Reviews. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. 1982 4. National Institute of Mental Health. Television and behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties Vol. 2: Technical Reviews. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. 1982 5. Pearl, David. Violence and Aggresion: Television at the Crossroads. Society, Vol. 21, No. 6, 1984 6. Rowland, Willard D. The Politics of TV Violence. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage Publications, 1983 7. United States Government. Violence on Television. Report. House of Represenatives. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977. 8. Van der Voort, Tom H. Chidren and TV Violence: Perception and Experience. Swets and Zeitlinger, 1982. 9. Wurtzel, Alan. Television Violence and Aggresive Behavior. Et Cetera, June, 1977.

Advances in Technologies that impacted on Policing

The police have originated from many years ago coming up with new technology to make the people the serve safe. Police officers made a change to patrol on foot to actual patrol cars. They have made it so nobody has to wait for a call to no were crimes is , they have two way radios always strapped around them. And they also made it to where as though they have lab tops in every patrol car to look up any information when ever they need to. So the police have came from a lot to be able to increase a way to make there jobs easier. The patrol car has been an excellent use to the police officers with catching suspects. Due to patrol car there are more eyes around the area that we live in, they are able to drive to the crime scene quicker to help someone who may be in serious danger. Without the patrol cars a lot of people would be getting away with all types of crime. Due to the fact that not every cop out there is fit or in shape so people could take the cops on foot and get away because they know the streets so well. That’s another reason why the patrol cars have been a good source to pick up crimes. Two way radios have been a major impact on how the patrol officers know where there any type of disturbance in the area that they are patrolling; due to the two ways radio an operator can specifically call on the patrol unit that is around the area where there is disturbance or were anyone is breaking the law. Without the radios a police officers wouldn’t be able to call for back up whenever they need it or some assistance. They also wouldn’t be able to call in if someone is dying and in need of an ambulance or a fire. One of the most brilliant technologies that the police officers have in the patrol cars is the lab tops. The lab tops are basically another operator for them when patrol officers want to look up information for themselves, they can also write out there police reports on there so that all grammar can the on point. On the lab tops they can also look at anyone’s file to see if they need to be taken when being pulled over or any outside action for example if a cop looks up your profile and if you have a warrant out for your arrest. They can arrest you right there in your presence because the lab tops have that type of information on them. Technology has been a major impact on how crimes have went down in the past years. Due to these three new enforces criminals are off the street on the patrol is on the watch more. If it weren’t for these new gadgets the criminal and civil laws would be broken, and a lot of things going bad. The arrest rate would go down and the criminals in the streets would take over and do as they please.

An Ethical Dilemma in Counseling Deciding Between Two Rights

An Ethical Dilemma in Counseling: Deciding between two rights Ethics, considered the study of moral philosophy, is a broad way of defining human duty, right and wrong; essentially, it is more expansive than simply applying a principle. Dilemmas are situations that require a choice between options appearing uniformly favorable, unfavorable or mutually exclusive. Naturally, an ethical dilemma can place a professional counselor in a precarious position, thereby compromising the effectiveness of the therapy, the trust in the client-practitioner relationship, and the counselors professional standing. Trying to determine the most right choice for a particular problem is of the utmost importance. Consider the following hypothetically†¦show more content†¦How does the counselor protect the confidentiality of the married man (even within the church), how does this revelation flavor the counselors private sessions with the wife? How can he, as a Christian (i.e. of Baptist Faith), not proselytize against divorce and homosexuality? What are the issues posed by a dual/multiple relationship with both clients and the counselor being members of the same community of faith? Are there any laws that govern such disclosures to the wife and to the senior members of the congregation? Essentially, what comes first, the counselors identity as a conservative Christian or his role as a professional counselor? After identifying the dilemma, and thinking through the problematic questions, the counselor must decide the level of morality at stake in this case. How much, if any, can these moral conflicts color his direction as a counselor? If the gentlemen is reassured that he wants to adopt an alternative lifestyle, I recommend the counselor seek the advisement of a senior professional in his concentration, and perhaps consult a counselor in the LGBT community. 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This paper will also discuss reasons why a therapistRead MoreRole Of The Social Care Professional1665 Words   |  7 PagesAC1.2 250 words Anaylse the role of the social worker and the differences between different professionals and non-professionals involved (multi-disciplinary team) 1.1 – understand the role of the social care professional – analyse the role of a social care professional in social work/community 1.2 – understand the professional qualities and values needed by a social care professional – anaylse the main differences between this role and that of others, professionals and non-professionals, workingRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Infants Mortality1769 Words   |  8 Pagesthan they have ever before causing an ethical dilemma for physicians, nurse, and parents. Physicians and nurses are upheld by the ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence, while parents may be influenced by spiritual, cultural, moral, and social factors. When making decisions on resuscitation in neonates on the limits of viability, it is important to consider the ethics of the infant’s mortality, mobility including the parental wishes. For the past two decades, the limit of gestationalRead MoreShould A Social Worker Follow The Rules? Essay2487 Words   |  10 Pageswith an ethical issue or should the social worker look out for their client even if it would cost them their license? Ethical dilemmas are on the ongoing standard issue among social workers in practice, to follow each rule and guideline is one thing but when put in a bind on choosing following the rules in a life or death situation that is when the issue surfaces. â€Å"Although the new Code of Ethics offers a set of values, principles, and standards to guide the decision-making conduct when ethical issuesRead MorePsychological Assessment And Ethics Of Forensic Psychology1675 Words   |  7 PagesMultiaxial Inventory III. Information to be included in this paper will detail why this psychological assessment is used, how it is administered ethically, how it is scored, why it is unique, what precautions need to be taken to assure its ethical use, and any ethical concerns there are with this specific assessment tool. MILLION CLINICAL MULTIAXIAL INVENTORY III Identify the Assessment Tool and describe what it is used for The Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III is a 175 questionRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : An Ethical Dilemma2393 Words   |  10 PagesAn ethical dilemma, â€Å"is a circumstance which occurs only when two or more social work values are in conflict† (Murphy, 1997). Ethical dilemmas as presented to professionals on a daily basis and never is there one that is similar to another or that can be handled in the same way because each individual and situation is different. This case presents an ethical dilemma in which the adolescent has stated that he is growing an illegal substance in his own backyard with plans to distribute as well as